Costco Wholesale Corporation Essay

Costco Wholesale Corporation operates an international chain of membership warehouses, mainly under the â€Å"Costco Wholesale† name, that carry quality, brand name merchandise at substantially lower prices than the merchandise typically found at conventional wholesale or retail sources. The warehouses are designed to help small-to-medium-sized businesses reduce costs in purchasing for resale and for everyday business use. Individual consumers may also purchase for their personal needs. Costco’s business model depends on high sales volume coupled with quick inventory turnover. Costco operates as a membership warehouse that is based on the concept of offering members the lowest prices on a limited selection of national brands and select private-label products that cover a broad and wide range of categories. This business model is very appealing and appropriate for this type of chain and has many benefits. For one, quicker inventory turnover combined with efficient inventory management systems reduce Costco cost of selling goods. Quick inventory turnover combined with high sales volume allows Costco to sell and receive cash for goods before it has to pay for any of its merchandise, this allows Costco to finance a large percentage of its inventory through the payment terms provided by its vendors rather than having to maintain a sizeable working capital to pay for its merchandise . These saving in its operation enable Costco to pass these saving on to the consum er in the form of low prices. Another reason it’s appealing is because Costco targets high end products thus bringing in high-end consumers into its stores. Demographics and its product selection could be damaging for Costco. Costco’s main product selection choice is made up of large volume single size packaging such as canned goods, soft drinks are only sold in these large container quantities. This combined with its main demographic of individual members who are more affluent customers in the discount retailing sector could be a potential problem. Competitors like Sam’s Club and BJ’s Wholesale offer goods or various degrees and varying sizes of products allows for more customers to want to shop at their stores to buy goods cause not everyone wants to buy a luxury item or a bulk sizes. The solution might be to offer more products at smaller quantities. This will allow more  buyers in who previously might not have shopped a Costco because they are divorced or have a smaller family or just single. Another are Costco could improve on is its direct buying relationships. As mentioned earlier Costco could ensure a stocking of certain items on their shelves so they can avoid stock outs and lose sales. To help its profit margin and reduce dependence on other manufacturers it could increase its brand Kirkland private brand products beyond to current 600 products. A final suggestion is that Costco could consider additional international expansion. They could place more warehouses in Canada. This is where they have been well received. It is the second largest revenue stream behind that of the United States. Costco’s internal environment can be analyzed to establish the core competencies to exploit market opportunities and avoid possible threats. Costco must combine this with the external environment factors to secure a successful long-term strategy. By analyzing their capabilities, using above methods Costco can determine their strengths. Many sight changes on external could have huge blow to Costco. For example, Suppliers can change the cost of inputs, such as when a strong union sets a high wage for a particular craft. If Costco allows the organic produce famers more power, then the farmers could force terms on Costco. This dependence increases if Costco does not have many other sources to supply the produce. Simple SWOT analysis may explain internal and external scan situation. Here are few point observed from Costco’s SWOT analysis. They seem to have great reputation in local neighborhood; customers tend to return to store, no big direct competition, lots of choice and great locations, Weaknesses would include: a lack of strong management team, handling perishable items geographical limitations The opportunities to develop a unique position in organic catering and to grow the business are examples of the opportunities available for Costco. Threats include some of the following: competition, state of the economy dealing with perishable items weather including natural disasters Costco’s External environment strategies are based on firm’s ability to foresee future business environment and trends based on industries, economy, and political factors. External environment analyze is key for any company to execute its strategies to meet its performance and profitability. â€Å"Despite the uncertainty and dynamic nature of the business environment, an assessment process that narrows, even if it does not precisely define, future expectations is of substantial value to strategic managers† (Pearce II & Robinson , Jr, 2009). In today’s society a business needs to be unique and offer a one of a kind value to keep its customers coming in and purchasing its products. An industry such as retail can experience at times high growth what sets Costco apart from its competitors to gain an competitive advantage is its three components of the company’s strategy that were mentioned earlier, low pricing, limited selection and treasure-hunt merchandising. Is this enough to ensure that future prospects will purchase items at your store? Costco’s main competitors are Sam’s Club and BJ’s Wholesale and both are similar to Costco’s way of doing business. Costco is exceeding both Sam’s Club and BJ’s in terms of net sales and market share. Nevertheless, Sam’s Club has recognized its market share and is aggressively launching new initiatives to grow its sales and market share. One way they plan to increase its market share is by emphasizing new products for the home instead of products for small businesses. They also are using national TV ads to make consumer more aware of their stores. They also are attracting a new group of prospective buyers by setting up a collegiate membership. BJ differentiates its self from both Costco and Sam’s Club by offer a wide range of items in fact  7,300. Another way they differ from the competition is they offer aisle markets and express lanes, and low cost video-based sales aids to help make the shopping experience better.

Psychology of Body Language

Navarro, Joe. (2008, January 1). Fast forces of attraction. Retrieved from http://www. psychologytoday. com/articles/200712/fast-forces-attraction | â€Å"Pitch correlates only loosely with height, but is closely tied to hormone levels—meaning it's a good indicator of fertility or dominance, as well as health and attractiveness. â€Å"In general, people with attractive voices have attractive faces,† says David Feinberg, a psychologist at McMaster University. † (pg. )| This is interesting because well one the use of the word correlation in this statement made me think of the correlation research method. Did they do actual research? And then I continued to where David Feinberg made his statement, and I believe this is untrue because again each person’s perception is different, I then continued to think of the saying â€Å"you have a face for radio† it just seemed contradictory. | | | â€Å"Accents affect our perceptions, as do speed and pitch. We jud ge fast talkers to be more educated, and those with varied inflection to be more interesting. Men prefer higher voices in women, and women like deeper voices in men (especially when ovulating or looking for a short-term relationship)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 1)| When the word â€Å"perception† came about I immediately thought of the Cognitive Prospective. | †¦Ã¢â‚¬ That's why our brains have set us up to draw instantaneous inferences from tiny nuances of behavior, what psychologists call â€Å"thin slices† of judgment. We form first impressions of another's attractiveness in a tenth of a second, generating a symphonic burst of desire in which everything from voice to wit plays a part†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( pg. ). | This section made me think that they used the Biological Prospective to explain the reasoning and help make it easier to see. | â€Å"People like people whom others find attractive. You might be inclined to think it's because socializing with (or sleeping with) the It girl enhances your own status in the crowd. † (pg. 2)| Right here is a great example of the Socio-cultural Prospective. It’s all about where you stand in our society today, and by this statement it is easy to see because it is very true. Its seems most evident in college students, seeing it firsthand. | â€Å"Most of us are drawn to those who hail from our own side of the tracks, and men and women are marrying within their social class much more than ever. † (pg. 2)| Again a perfect example of Sociocultural Prospective. | â€Å"†¦But ask 5,000 people and clear patterns emerge. Some traits have universal sex appeal because they're markers of good genes, health, and fertility: a fit body, clear skin, a symmetrical face with average-sized and -shaped features, and traits that mark sex hormones†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. )| Now this section exemplifies the Evolutionary Prospective because people, even unknowingly, look for these traits because they want they’re offspring to be the strongest the fittest, which made me think of Darwinism. ‘The strong will survive. † The stronger, healthier, smarter, and most attractive evolve, the stay alive and most importantly pass their genes on. | Summary: this article was quite interesting, it talked about all aspects of attraction and explained from various prospectives of psychology. It talked about physical attributes such as looks, voice, health ect, to the mental part of attraction. | |

Basics On Keats Essay Example For Students

Basics On Keats Essay -John Keats was born in 1795 and died in 1821-John Keats was born in Moorfield, England-John Keats had two brothers, George and Tom, and a sister Fanny-At the age of 23, John Keats saw his brother die of tuberculosis-John Keats was under five feet tall but he liked to fight, often getting into fights with men over a foot taller than himself-At the age of 26 John Keats died of tuberculosis-John Keats lost his father at the age of 8 and his mother when he was 14-Few famous poets have been more famous for their misfortunes than John Keats-John had studied to become a surgeon but eventually abandoned the profession of medicine for poetry-John Keats most famous work is the brilliant Ode to a Nightingale which he wrote on a warm and beautiful day in 1819-John Keats was a major figure in the Romantic movement-Keatss first published poems appeared in 1816 in the Examiner-Keatss first volume of poems was published in 1817. It attracted some good reviews, but these were followed by the first o f several harsh attacks by the influential Blackwoods Magazine. -At the age of 23, Keats fell in love with a beautiful young lady named Fanny BrawneBook Reports

Summarizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summarizing - Essay Example These two groups arguably will have less to offer by way of industry experience, with possible implications on the perception and reality of the education quality from this revamped educator pool. The key thing is the study is in the culling of the perceptions of existing faculty and the student body tied to how important faculty experience in the industry is. The study findings are said to be relevant with regard to informing school planners and administrators on how best to keep the level of academic rigor high within their programs, with the perceptions being used as inputs in devising hiring programs for educators moving forward (Phelan, Mejia and Hertzman 2013). The study proponents listed down three objectives for the study. One is the determination of the importance faculty place on experience in the industry preceding the teaching phase. Two is the determination of how faculty perceives how important industry experience is to the teaching posts in different disciplines within the hospitality umbrella discipline. Three is the determination how related the industry experience of faculty member is to the importance placed on industry experience prior to the teaching phase (Phelan, Mejia and Hertzman 2013). II. Literature Review The literature review traces the roots of the hospitality field as an academic discipline and as a professional practice to the trainings that were given in the course of employees doing their work in restaurants as well as hotels. This vocational education gave rise to more structured educational programs that soon became full-fledged academic programs. Having its roots in practice, however, the hospitality academic education is seen as benefitting from the experience gained by educators in the field, doing the actual work, and then supplementing the experience with the academic rigor associated with structured educational programs that grant degrees. The problem lies precisely in the perceptions with regard to the lack of experien tial grounding in the industry for some of the academic practitioners and how that lack of experience leads to a disconnect between theory or academics and actual industry experience or practice. The literature review then goes on to examine studies relating to practices to bridge the divide between practice on the one hand and theory on the other, with the emphasis on improving learning outcomes by making sure that educators are properly grounded in substantial experience in the industry (Phelan, Mejia and Hertzman 2013). III. Methodology An online survey of 445 faculty in the hospitality discipline was conducted, with the survey being self-directed and the link to the survey being sent out via emails to the potential respondents, and out of that total population a total of 39.3 percent sent responses via email of their completed surveys. Of the respondents, just 4 percent had no prior industry experience in the hospitality field, and the respondents represented faculty in 18 diffe rent countries, with most of the respondents coming from the United States. The other represented countries in the survey are the following:

Clincal Social Work with African Americans Assignment

Clincal Social Work with African Americans - Assignment Example This discussion will focus on application of this approach to solve the challenges facing Ron, a sixteen year old boy that has exhibited aggressive behaviors and bullying towards his peers, teachers and other members of the society. Moreover, this discussion will explicit how the character of fear towards men and being flat as exhibited by Ron can be solved through Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. On the other hand, Ron has a background characterized by a guardian that is drug addicted to crack; this discussion will attempt to identify if this background is contributing factor to the challenges faced by Ron. Theoretical perspectives that can be applied to solve Ron’s mental challenge will also be discussed herein. Consequently, the discussion will highlight and elaborate, whether this mental health challenge is common only among the African-Americans or whether it affects other ethnic groups. The application of Cognitive Behavioral Approach is imperative to solve the challenge facing Ron. This is due to the massive research that has been undertaken to determine the efficacy of this approach in relation to solving mood challenges, addiction to drugs and substances, personality, anxiety as well as incidences of absentee parents. The use of symptoms in Cognitive Behavioral Approach has been regarded as a factor that has enhanced its efficacy as compared to other psychodynamics approaches. From Ron’s perspective, it is apparent that his is suffering from various challenges. The first challenge faced by Ron is the fact that he has an absentee father: Research has shown that children that grow in the absence of fathers are likely to grow-up with a violent behavior. This is due to the fact that they tend to be misguided by certain quarters of the society who opt for violence as a means of solving the challenges they face. On the other hand, absentee an father affects the intellectual development of children in a negative dimension. In most

Food, Identity and Spaces Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Food, Identity and Spaces - Research Paper Example Before we can consider such situations, it is important to first delve into challenges that tourists face in unfamiliar culinary situations. The primary point of concern is: How does food, as much as it presents unique experiences to tourists, conflict with their culture and eating etiquette in unfamiliar culinary situations? Cultural Mismatch One of the primary challenges faced by people in unfamiliar culinary situations stems from cultural mismatch. Local food, according to Cohen and Avieli, is both an attraction and an impediment. The cultural points of difference are evident from the displeasure to the displaying of caged animals waiting to be killed and served to customers. Tourists not accustomed to this practice have often found it repulsively disturbing to the extent of losing their appetite altogether (Cohen &Avieli, 2004). Similar sentiments are shared by Chang, Kivela and Mak, whose study centred on the idea of travel dining with a specific focus on the Chinese experience, as an expression of engagement between tourists and other cultures. According to the line of argument developed in this study, which has singled out different types of tourists, allo-centric tourists are generally more willing to try novel food when it comes to unfamiliar environment. On the other hand, psychocentric tourists will tend to stick to familiar culinary patterns that fit into their culture. Clearly, there is an implied sense of intimidation when the latter are not willing to step out of their comfort zone and accept the concept of change. It can be concluded from this line of thought that cultural mismatch is a great impediment when it comes to experiencing unfamiliarity in foreign land. As such, the identity of the foreign food culture is unappreciated and thus compromised. On a similar note, the element of cultural mismatch is also present when â€Å"an immigrant to Canada, quickly finds his own ethnic identity challenged in terms of food. Offered a hot dog by his fr iend Romesh, Nurdin, a Muslim, knowingly takes the forbidden meat into his own body† (Padolsky, 2005, NS). In another study, Western European and Israeli tourists in the Asian regions where the cultures are radically different find it overwhelmingly difficult to adapt to local food due to cultural mismatch (Cohen &Avieli, 2005). Evidently, the three studies share similar sentiments on cultural challenges faced when experiencing unfamiliar culinary situation. Contrasting Eating Etiquettes Contrasting eating etiquettes also come out strongly on the three studies as a notable impediment to adapting to new types of food as people visit different cultures. A specific example is the aroused uneasiness by Westerners confronted by chopsticks when touring parts of Asia (Cohen and Avieli, 2004). There are also some peculiar food practices that separate the cultures of the East and the West. For instance, the differing methods used in food preparation are culturally dependent and therefo re, some methods may contrast with other cultures (Chang, Kivela & Mak, 2010). Culturally sensitive people would then find it difficult eating food prepared under such circumstances. The same line of thought seems to be shared by Podolsky when he claims that eating etiquettes vary from one cultural background to another. In his context, people find it difficult to adapt to new diets especially when the host’s eating etiquettes differ greatly from what they are accustomed to in their

Functional languages vs. imperative languages Essay

Functional languages vs. imperative languages - Essay Example Imperative languages are greatly influenced by the von Neumann architecture due to their high dependency on an instruction counter and a store. They have control structures, like for loops and while loops, which make incremental changes to the memory while iterating over instructions. Programs written in imperative languages are statement oriented, and their principle operation is the assignment of values to variables; in other words, computation is performed with side-effects (Lee 118). Unlike imperative languages, functional languages do not rely on the Von-Neumann architecture as they do not have any concern with variables but only data objects and values. The principle operation of functional languages is function application, and they treat functions as first-class objects that may be stored in data structures, passed as parameters, and returned as function results. Programs written in functional languages contain no variables, loop statements, and assignment statements, and use parameters and return values to communicate values; in other words, computation is performed with no side-effects (Lee 119). Imperative languages heavily rely on side-effects to implement their state and perform their operations. On the other hand, functional languages lack side-effects which allow them to always produce the same result when given with the same parameters. This characteristic of functional languages is called ‘referential transparency’ which makes the semantics of these languages far simpler than the semantics of imperative languages (Kedar and Thakare 6-4). In functional languages, the return value of the function can be of any data type including function type. But this is not possible in imperative languages; functions defined in imperative languages are restricted to return values of specific data types (Kedar and Thakare 6-4). Programs written

Child Soldiers Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child Soldiers - Research Proposal Example soldiers forms a grave issue and the international community with the assistance of international as well as non-governmental organizations should work towards curbing this problem. Child soldiers have been used for conflict by military groups for years because they are considered to be more submissive as compared to their adult counterparts and exist in greater numbers. These young children not only suffer from physical violence but they are also afflicted to psychological trauma and injuries. The child soldiers are used for various purposes ranging from carrying materials to acting as spies and also as combatants (Young 2007). Young girls are raped and Fatmata who was a young child soldier narrated that she was kidnapped when she was 12 years old and she gave birth to the child of her captor. Fatmata and her child were both suffering from AIDs (Wessells 2006). Another child soldier Edward narrated that they were first asked to kill the victims and then forced to lick their blood. Edward escaped and returned to his village but many young children still suffer in such horrific and inhuman conditions (Mark 2013). The issue of child soldiers needs to be dealt with strategically with the cooperation of national and international forces. Participation of International organizations and non-governmental organizations is also of significance. The plan for putting an end to child soldiers should basically work around five key points: resolution of the issues which have led to fighting, prevention of kidnapping of young children, better ways of being able to distinguish and isolate the children from the militant groups, â€Å"demobilize, rehabilitate and reintegrate† the children followed by adequate funds and opportunities for the freed child soldiers to study or get trained (Young 2007). The plan for the protection of children from becoming a part of warfare is beneficial and will be of assistance in tackling the issue at its roots. Resolving of the warfare by the

Answer the questions in Bold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Answer the questions in Bold - Essay Example Precedent research shows propositions by the locals and state, proposing the necessity for hospitals to meet patients’ needs (Miller, 2008). For this to be accomplished, health facilities should be fully outfitted for them to meet the obligatory qualifications. I believe that satisfying the needs of patients is the main motive why hospitals are put up; hence, this ought to be the mission for all health facilities. I suggest that each patient ought to be given attention and treatment to improve the health status of the community. Closing down the hospitals that fail to meet the needs of their patients is the best policy to discipline the health facilities in the country. Addressing the issue through policy has a great effect on the hospitals that violate the patients’ rights (Roach, 2006). If the hospitals do not employ more workers to attend to the patients’ needs or the bill guiding health operations, then the necessity close the

The Barnes Collection As A Cultural Jewel Of Extraordinary Nature Essay

The Barnes Collection As A Cultural Jewel Of Extraordinary Nature - Essay Example The Barnes Foundation was formed in Merion, PA as an educational facility by Barnes and John Dewey, an educational philosopher. However, unlike the majority of art collections, this was neither a public museum nor a private museum and was primarily used to teach adult and youth students. While the foundation allowed public visitors at least twice a week, these were treated as second-class citizens in comparison to students. Barnes’ vision for the entire collection was contained in his will, which stated that the art could not be loaned, reproduced, sold, or traveled and that the school was to continue (Kennicott 1). However, leaders in Philadelphia clamored for the collection to be made more accessible by moving it to the city, which was finally achieved by Pew Charitable Trusts, Annenberg Foundation, and Lenfest Foundation. The documentary identifies various ways in which Barnes’ will have been subverted, as well as the development of a highly public and new home for Barnes’ collection, which the film states Barnes sought to avoid and despised. In successfully challenging the will of Mr. Barnes and its original intent, Pew Charitable Trusts, Annenberg Foundation, and Lenfest Foundation used two basic arguments. First, they argued that the Barnes Foundation was financially struggling and that a move to a venue that was more accessible in Philadelphia would help in dramatically increasing attendance, bolstering the Foundation’s finances (Steinberg 1). Secondly, they also argued that the collection was an incredible artifact of culture that should be accessed by more people. In this case, they posited that demand exceeded availability in Merion for public hours, as well as the fact that demand was a valid concern for the public that the foundations found necessary to address (Steinberg 1). However, these arguments do not stand under close scrutiny as will be seen.

What is Innovation and can businesses encourage it Essay Example for Free

What is Innovation and can businesses encourage it Essay Innovation in business is the application of new ideas in any business process. This includes the products produced and the firm’s processes. It is therefore important for business to encourage innovation to enable them to be sustainable in the market in the long run CITATION Mar98 l 1033 (Mark, 1998). Marketing Research One of the key themes of marketing is for an organization to efficient, timely and customer-centered care and allows customers to easily make the right decisions. Marketing places emphasis on organizations sharing information with each other and working together in secure areas. It also provides updated information on highly specialized matters that are to be delivered immediately to the right place. Marketing is the source for all information for step-change in service delivery. Fairness is a key theme of the legal and ethical frame works of marketing. It proposes that consumers will likely compare their situations with other customers to ensure fairness. Fairness enables marketers to predict the responses of consumers to marketing actions. Marketers should able to differentiate between procedural and distributive justice to understand how consumers perceive fairness. Making fair decisions requires marketers to have forethought and intelligence to make a sale. It is wise to develop the moral fibers of fairness, because ethical problems often bite into profits CITATION She07 l 1033 (Shelton, Epstein, Davila, 2007). For example it is unethical to sell a product or service to consumers at different prices, with an aim of gaining financial advantage. When conducting a marketing transaction, it is unethical to charge an unreasonable price to a consumer. Every consumer expects to be treated fairly as this reflects on the overall corporate image of an organization. Ethical marketing efforts and decisions should suit and meet the needs of consumers, business partners and suppliers. Competitive analysis is essential in marketing as it helps a company to access any competitive threats to its development and penetration of the walk-in market. The organization is bound to enjoy a significant competitive advantage over any competitor who would try to penetrate the walk-in market. This assessment which is based upon  the company’s source of competitive edge stems from extensive customer list, qualified management personnel, in-depth knowledge and expertise of the marketing industry. An example of t his is the marketing research conducted by Apple Inc. before the rolling out of their products into the global market. They conduct thorough research on the consumers and come up with innovative products for the customers CITATION Jas09 l 1033 (Jason, Kenneth, Greg, 2009). Research and Development Marketing mix-promotional strategies also contribute to successful implementation with the right marketing delivered to the right consumers at the right time. Marketing has to be on-going to strengthen interest and promotional and multi-level to draw attention to progress of the company. Success of a company will depend on the support and contributions the partner organizations that are involved. The contribution and support succeeds if the individual partner companies feel they have benefits from the collaboration. Target Market is a key deliverable in marketing that can be used by Apple Inc. to establish an appropriate market for each segment. For maximum effectiveness, marketing to their clients should be targeted carefully to suit each of them comfortably. It must also be a frequent, consistent and on-going process throughout the lifecycle of the zoo. The available information has to be up-to-date and reliable. Apple can segment its market by focusing on the demographic variables of its clients. These include social class, gender, income, age and family lifecycle. This will give them competitive advantage since there will be a wide variety of data that will make it possible to measure consumer preferences for the activities in the zoo. Segmenting the target market based on demographic variables, will have a direct impact on the interests of the clients in zoo services CITATION How10 l 1033 (How is Google innovative? , 2010). The mechanisms for target marketing should be selected from the zoo sources depending on the audience and objectives each marketing piece. This will give the marketing team at Apple Inc. a thorough understanding of how often and how their clients use their services. Apple Inc.’s target market should be based on social class. This will ensure maximum effectiveness which is important since it reinforces the value of the benefits and gaining additional support. The using social class as their target market is to effect information sharing and to develop an effective collaborative model that can be replicated across its diverse services. Target marketing will allow the marketing team to maintain the effectiveness of its services through transition and influence clients of their target market to participate through the forums and avenues provided. Staff Benefits There are several benefits of innovation to the staff of any business. Of particular importance is the freedom of expression where the staffs are allowed to be creative and offer some of their ideas to the management. In the process of doing so it makes the staff motivated as it makes them part of the process of creation of ideas in the business. Google Inc. for instance allows its employees and staff to participate in the innovative process hence the creation of some of its successful products. In conclusion this essay explore the importance of innovativeness in any business and how it propels the business to unlevelled heights of success as seen in the example of Apple Inc. and Google CITATION She07 l 1033 (Shelton, Epstein, Davila, 2007). References Forrant, R. (2011). Approaches to Sustainable Development: The Public University in the Regional Economy. Massachusetts : Univ of Massachusetts Press. How is Google innovative? . (2010). Retrieved 2014, from Netease: http://money.163.com/10/0331/10/633K6P9700253VNE.html Jason, D., Kenneth, L., Greg, L. (2009). Who captures value in a global innovation network? : the case of Apples iPod. Mark, R. (1998). The definition and measurement of innovation Report No. 10-98. Melbourne: Melbourne institute working paper. Shelton, R. D., Epstein, M. J., Davila, T. (2007). The Creative Enterprise. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. Thomas, H. (2008). Reverse Engineering  Google’s Innovation  Machine. Source document

Frederic Edwin Church Essay Example for Free

Frederic Edwin Church Essay Frederic Edwin Church was born on May 4, 1826 in Hartford Connecticut. He passed on April 7, 1900 at the age of 73. (Bereading for pleasure. blogspot. com/ /Fredrick-Edwin-Church-Twilight) Frederic was a talented nature artist. He painted many beautiful scenes of the countries wilderness. The painting I have chosen to write my analysis on is â€Å"Twilight in the Wilderness. † This painting was done in 1860 right around the civil war time period. At the same time peoples minds were set on manifest destiny. Manifest destiny was the belief that Americans would own coast to coast in America and flourish in wealth by creating new jobs and using their new land to do so. Churchs intention, by painting these scenes of nature, was to draw more attention to the wonderful scenery and away from the monetary element of this new land. Although there have been many different opinions and views on his paintings, they all seem to point in the same direction of his views on â€Å"Nature† and the future of our great nation. Now that I have given you a little history on Frederic Edwin Church and his painting â€Å"Twilight in the Wilderness,† I will give you my formal analysis on this painting. Based on what I have learned from the history of this painting I will elaborate on the attention to detail that Frederic has put into this painting. The first thing that I notice is the focal point seems to be the mountains in the background. The sky around these mountains is bright with yellow and white that fades away into the darker sky and dim landscaping. The forefront of this painting had dying trees and a broken tree stump. As the river flows away from the forefront, it gets smaller as do the trees and mountains. Attention to detail gets less from the forefront to the background. These things combined gives the painting depth. With the clouds and mountains rolling soft edges gives the viewer a sense of relaxation and comfort. But yet when you think of the history of the painting you can draw a different view. It is interesting that Frederic not only uses the normal colors of nature but, uses the influence of red, hite, and blue to illustrate the patronage of the time period in which it was painted in. In conclusion I feel that the composition that Church uses in this painting gives his views in motion. In the forefront is dying trees. This shows the struggle that is occurring at this time. The skyline is red with water reflecting that color, an illustration showing the blood that is being shed. As the painting fades off from the forefront to the background the skyline clears up and gets brighter. This shows that his belief is that times will get better and the country will be beautiful once again.

Literature review of work and family conflict

Literature review of work and family conflict This chapter introduces and explains the important theoretical and practical resource for an understanding of the conflict between work and family among married female teachers in Malaysia. This chapter consists of two sections namely; section I: Theoretical framework of work-family conflict from Western and Islamic perspectives. For section II: Literature Review on Work-Family Conflict. Focus of the study is to examine the impact of work-family conflict-efficacy WFC efficacy and religious coping (RC) on work-family conflict (WFC) and well-being among female teachers in Malaysia. The study also validates the instruments. Then, the researcher estimate the relationships. This chapter explained on theoretical perspectives that support the theoretical framework as foundation and background of the study that being conducted. Apart from that, this section also discusses the basis and background of the study of conceptual framework research on the perspective of theoretical background in Western and Islamic Perspectives. It involves on the development of a model on the relationships among the variables in WFC efficacy, RC, WFC and well-being. Many researchers have attempted to construct a single model for WFC conflict in connection with well-being. Theories and models discussed in this section were the relevant in work-family conflict, which provided significant contributions in the construction of the proposed theoretical framework. The model is based on the theoretical foundations and empirical evidences obtained from literature reviews, which consists of several elements. Overviews of Work-family Conflict Theories Role Theory by Kahn et al., Spillover Theory Conservation of Resources Model (COR)by Model of Work-Family Role Pressure Incompatibility Overview of the Theory of Well-being Model of Teachers Stress by Kyriacou Sutcliffe) Social Cognitive Theory by Bandura Religious Coping Theory by Pargement Moral Development Theory by Carol Gilligan OVERVIEW OF WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT THEORIES Several theories have been received a great deal attention in the literature throughout the past few decades. Most of the studies focused on six competing theories as a theoretical framework in work-family conflict research; role theory, spillover, compensation, segmentation, conservation of resources model (COR) and Integration. In this study, the researcher focuses only on several theories that related to WFC which are role theory, spillover and COR. The main focus of the study is to examine the relationship of WFC efficacy and religious coping (RC) on work-family conflict (WFC) and well-being (WB) of married female teachers in Malaysia. Work-family conflict is a type of inter-role conflict in which the role demands stemming from one domain (work or family) are incompatible with role demands stemming from another domain (family or work) (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985; Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, Rosenthal, 1964). According to Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, and Rosenthal (1964), roles are the result of expectations of others about appropriate behavior in a particular position. Role conflict is described as the psychological tension that is aroused by conflicting role pressures. Role theory suggests that conflict occurs when individuals engage in multiple roles that are incompatible (Katz Kahn, 1978). Based on the discussion of the work-family conflict and well-being model, Figure 2.1 provides the summary. Role Theory (Kahn et al., 1964) Spillover Theory (1980) Model of Work-Family Role Pressure (1985) Conservation of Resources Model (1989) Model of Teacher Stress (1978) The Relationship between Personality and Stress (Bolger and Zuckerman, 1995) Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1977) Religious Coping (Pargament, 1990) Role Theory (Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, and Rosenthal, 1964) Most of the research on the work-family interface has been guided by role theory (e.g., Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, Rosenthal, 1964; Katz Kahn, 1978). According to role theory, the demand of multiple roles has given an impact for well-being. This rationale basically fits the logic of a stressor-strain model (Karasek Theorell, 1990), with work-family conflict as stressor. Similarly, much of the research on WFC has been based on the premise that multiple roles inevitably create strain (e.g., Frone et al., 1992, Allen Grigsby, 1997) as suggested by role theory (Katz Kahn, 1879).Due to limited amount of time and energy that individuals have to fulfill their multiple roles at the same time, they tend to experience stress (Goode, 1960). Specifically, the role theory (Duxbury Higgins, 1991) postulates that expectations associated with work and family roles can lead to physical and psychological strain in two ways. First, the demand of multiple roles within the work and family domain can lead to overall increase in workload. Second, expectations surrounding either of these roles can evoke pressures that dominate the time of an individual and interfere with expectations associated with the performance of the other role. However, the usefulness of role theory as a basis for crossover research is that it underscores the inter-relations between a focal person and his / her role senders in the work and family setting. Spillover Theory According to the spillover explanation, it may refer to the impact that the satisfaction and affect from the work domain has on the family domain or the impact that the satisfaction and affect from family domain has on the work domain. Additionally, the relationship between work and non-work activities can be positive or negative. Positive spillover refers to situations in which the satisfaction, energy and sense of accomplishment derived from the work environment carry over into the non-work domain. Conversely, negative spillover occurs when problems, fatigue or frustration carry over from the work domain to the non-work domain (Bartolonme Evens, 1980). Other researchers have conceptualized spillover in a similar manner. For example, Zedeck and Mosier (1990) asserted that increased satisfaction (dissatisfaction) in the work domain leads to increased satisfaction (dissatisfaction) with life. Spillover is a process whereby experiences in one roles more similar. Research has examined the spillover of mood, values, skills and behaviors from one role to another (Edwards and Rothbard, 2000). Therefore, spillover is likely to promote work-family conflict when an affect like dissatisfaction with work consistently spills over in to ones family life, thus increasing role conflict. This role conflict stems from the difficulty associated with trying to maintain a satisfying home life when dissatisfaction from work continues to interfere. Therefore, the central premise of spillover is reciprocity or bidirectional relationship of affect in the work and family domains. In other word, conflict between work and family occurs because the affect from one domain (work) is incompatible with the other domain (family). In this study spillover theory explain the negative effect in dealing with work and family roles respectively. Model of Work-Family Role Pressure Incompatibility The model of work-family role pressure incompatibility (figure 2.3) which was proposed by Greenhaus Beutell (1985) encompassed the antecedents of interrole conflict and offered detailed explanations of the types of interrole conflict, which were used widely by researchers in the work-family interface. The model depicted two main areas, the sources of conflict in both work and nonwork domains and the role pressure incompatibility. The role pressure incompatibility reflected the interrole conflict construct in the present study; and was classified into three forms; time-based conflict, strain-based conflict and behavior-based conflict. However, in this study examined only two forms as defined by Netemeyer et al. (1996, p.401), that work-family conflict as a form of interrole conflict in which the general demands of, time devoted to and strain created by the job interfere with performing family-related responsibilities. Greenhaus Beutell (1985) proposed the model of work-family role pressure incompatibility (figure 2.3) encompassed the work domain and family domain that explained in detailed the types of interrole conflict, which were used widely by researchers in the work-family interface. The model depicted domains from work and family which affect from three forms of interrole conflict namely; time-based conflict, strain-based conflict and behavior-based conflict. However, in this study examined only two forms as defined by Netemeyer et al. (1996, p.401), that is work-family conflict as a form of interrole conflict in which the general demands of, time devoted to and strain created by the job interfere with performing family-related responsibilities. FAMILY DOMAIN Illustrative Pressures Time Young Children Spouse Employment Large Families Strain Family Conflict Low spouse support Behaviour expectations for Warmth and Openness Role Pressure Incompatibility Time devoted to one role makes it difficult to fulfill requirements for another role. Strain produced by one role makes it difficult to fulfill requirements of another role Behaviour required in one role makes it difficult to fulfill requirements of another role. WORK DOMAIN Illustrative Pressures Hour worked Time Inflexible work- schedule Shiftwork Role conflict Strain Role Ambiguity Boundary-spanning activities expectations for Behaviour secretiveness and objectivity Negative Sanction for Noncompliance Role Salience Figure 2.3. Work-Family Role Pressure Incompatibility (Adapted from Greenhaus Beutell, 1985: pp.78) The strength of this model was the conceptual distinctions made among the types of interrole conflict. Therefore, this model assisted in the development of the theoretical framework in the current study by suggesting the different types of interrole conflict to be evaluated in both work-and nonwork-domains. For instance, in work domain, if the amount of working hours were too much makes it difficult to fulfill the roles in family domain. Conservation of Resources Model (COR; Hobfoll, 1989) Often work-family researchers have not based their predictions on strong conceptual frameworks (Hobfoll, 1989). The field has been dominated by role theory (Kahn et al., 1964), which is undoubtedly the most cited theory by work-family researchers, together with spillover and segmentation theory (Zedeck Mosier, 1990). Although these theories offer a rationale for the consequences of work-family conflict, they are limited in explaining actual behavior, interaction between actors, or decision making or prioritizing in case of work-family conflict (Poelmans, 2004). Thus, to develop a comprehensive theoretical background for this research, the study also included conservation resources model by Hobfoll (1989) that can explain, predict, and help solve problems that individuals face when balancing work and home responsibilities (Clark, 2000, p. 749). Hobfoll explain that when an individual perceives or experiences environmental circumstances that threaten or cause depletion of resources, he or she psychologically responds in ways that minimize loss of resources. For example, resources might include self-esteem and employment (Hobfoll, 1989). In this study, WFC-efficacy and religious coping as resources of work-family conflict that hopes to reduce work-family conflict and increase well-being of married female teachers in Malaysia. Grandey and Cropanzano (1999) were among the first researchers to apply COR to examine work-family conflict (WFC). They argue that COR theory is an improvement over the use of role theory. Role theory is limited in its ability to explain work-family relationships because it fails to specify moderating variables that might affect the relationship between work-family stressors and stress outcomes. COR theory, in contrast, proposes that interrole conflict leads to stress because resources are lost in the process of juggling both work and family roles (p. 352). The role of work and family stress as an antecedent of work-family conflict can also be explained by the COR model as suggested by Grandey and Cropanzano (1999). The COR model proposes that individuals act to acquire and maintain a variety of resources, such as objects, energies, condition and personal characteristic. COR theory provides a framework for understanding the nature of stress, based on the belief that individuals seek to obtain, build and protect their resources. The theory has been applied to a variety of setting, including community psychology, disaster research, and organizational research. Furthermore, the COR model appears to be a promising perspective for advancing our understanding of work-family relationships. Overview of the Psychological Well-being Theories Associations between work-family conflict and psychological distress have been widely explored and suggest that increased conflict is associated with increased psychological distress ( Major et al., 2002; Stephens et al., 2001) Many different well-being conceptualizations have been provided but, as Gasper (2002), point out, the term well-being is a concept or abstraction used to refer to whatever is assessed in an evaluation of a persons life situation or being. In short, it is a description of the state of individuals life situation. In addition, Easterlin (2001), for example, goes so far as to equate explicitly happiness, subjective well-being, satisfaction, utility, well-being and welfare. Kathryn Dianne (2009) argued that employee well-being consists of subjective well-being (life satisfaction and dispositional affect), workplace well-being (job satisfaction and work-related affect) and psychological well-being (self acceptance, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, autonomy, purpose in life and personal growth). In recent years, researchers, educators, policy-makers and politicians have been directly concerned with well-being, which have been viewed variously as happiness, satisfaction, enjoyment, contentment; and engagement and fulfillment or a combination of these and other, hedonic and eudaimonic factors. It has also been recognized that well-being and the environment are intimately interconnected and may take different forms. Well-being is complex and multifaceted. It is considered as a state and a process. Well-being includes personal, interpersonal and collective needs which influence each other. Well-being may take different forms, which may conflict across groups in society, requiring an overarching settlement. Well-being may also take different forms over the life course of an individual. Interventions to enhance well-being may take different forms. They should be conducted at individual, community and societal level. In the 50 years since Jahodas (1958) seminal report outlining the complexity of defining mental health, significant progress has been made towards the definition and conceptualization of this concept. One noteworthy development was the turn away from definitions of health as the absence of disease (Keyes 2006). Later this was cemented by the work of authors such as Diener (1984), Ryff (1989), Waterman (1993) and Ryff and Keyes (1995). Essentially they argued that mental health should be defined as the presence of wellness rather than the absence of disease. Some speculation surrounds the causal ordering of these two constructs; some believe life satisfaction is a determinant of job satisfaction (whereby overall life satisfaction spills over into satisfaction with life domains) whilst others believe job satisfaction is one of the determinants of overall life satisfaction (Rode 2004). However, the title of the paper, Building a Better Theory of Well-being prepared by Easterlin (2007) shows that Western theories of well-being were inconclusive. Model of Teacher Stress (cf. Kyriacou Sutcliffe, 1978a, p.3) Kyriacou and Sutcliffe (1978a) adopted the theoretical conceptualization of Lazarus to predict school teachers stress reactions. Figure 2.4 presents a simplified version of the model. According to the model, potential stressors are seen as antecedents of teacher stress. Characteristic of the Individual Teacher Biographical personality e.g. support, self-efficacy Teacher Stress Negative effects Response correlates psychological physiological behavioural Chronic Symptoms Psychosomatic coronary mental Coping Mechanisms To reduce perceived threat Potential Stressors Physical psychological Figure 2.4 A Model of Teacher Stress (cf. Kyriacou Sytcliffe, 1978a, p.3) Kyriacou and Sutcliffe (1978a) make an explicit distinction between stressors which are mainly physical (e.g., many pupils in the classes) and those which are essentially psychological (e.g., poor relationships with colleagues). Coping attempts can help to deal with stressful situations, that is, to reduce the perceived threat of those situations. If coping mechanisms are inappropriate, stress occurs. Teacher stress is seen mainly as a negative affect with diverse psychological (e.g., job dissatisfaction), physiological (e.g., high blood pressure), and behavioral (e.g., absenteeism) correlates. In the long run these negative stress effects lead to physiological and biochemical changes accompanied by psychosomatic and even chronic symptoms like coronary heart diseases. Finally, characteristics of the individual teacher are assumed to influence the process. Based on this model, the present study examined WFC-efficacy as a characteristic of the individual teacher on WFC and well-being a nd religious coping as a coping mechanism considered as a predictors in dealing with WFC and well-being. To be clear, WFC is the main dependent variable and well-being as a second dependent variable. WFC-efficacy and religious coping are analyzed as predictors of WFC and well-being Furthermore, the study also integrate WFC as a mediator between both predictors respectively. Banduras Social Cognitive Theory Perceived self-efficacy is concerned with judgments of personal capability, whereas self-esteem is concerned with judgments of self-worth. People make causal contributions to their own psychosocial functioning through mechanisms of personal agency. Among the mechanisms of agency, none is more central or pervasive than peoples beliefs of personal efficacy. Perceived self-efficacy refers to beliefs in ones capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations. Efficacy beliefs influence how people think, feel, motivate themselves, and act. A central question in any theory of cognitive regulation of motivation, affect, and action concerns the issues of causality. Do efficacy beliefs operate as causal factors in human functioning? The findings of diverse causal tests, in which efficacy beliefs are systematically varied, are consistent in showing that such beliefs contribute significantly to human motivation and attainments (Bandura, 1992a). The substantial body of research on the diverse effects of perceived personal efficacy can be summarized as follows: people who have a low sense of efficacy in given domains shy away from difficult tasks, which they view as personal threats. They have low aspirations and weak commitment to the goals they choose to pursue. When face with difficult tasks, they dwell on their personal deficiencies, the obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse outcomes. Banduras social cognitive theory states that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are all important in understanding personality. Bandura coined the term reciprocal determinism to describe the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality. Behavior Person and cognitive Environment factors Figure 2.6 Banduras Social Cognitive Theory Banduras social cognitive theory emphasizes reciprocal influences of behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors. The environment can determine a persons behavior, and the person can act to change the environment. Similarly, person/cognitive factors can both influence behavior and be influenced by behavior. Self-efficacy is the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. Bandura and the others have shown that self-efficacy is related to a number of positive developments in peoples lives, including solving problems, becoming more sociable, initiating a diet or an exercise program and maintaining it, and quitting smoking (Bandura, 2001, 2006, 2007a, 2007b; Schunk, 2008; Schunk Zimmerman, 2006). Self-efficacy influences whether people even try to develop healthy habits, as well as how much effort they expend in coping with stress, how long they persist in the face of obstacles, and how much stress and pain they experience (Fisher, Schilinger, 2006). Researchers also have found that self-efficacy is linked with successful job interviewing and job performance (Judge Bono, 2001; Tay, Ang, Van Dyne, 2006). Making positive changes to promote our health can be challenge. But fortunately, we all have a variety of psychological and social tools at our disposal to help us in the journey to a new, healthier life. There are three powerful tools: self-efficacy, motivation, and religious faith. Self-efficacy is the individuals belief that he or she can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. If there is a problem to be fixed, self-efficacy-that is, having a can-do attitude-is related to finding a solution. Self-efficacy is the power of belief in you. Not only self-efficacy related to initiating and maintaining a healthy lifestyle; religious faith is, too (Krause, 2006; Park, 2007). Pargaments Religious Coping Theory (1990) Religious-coping responses may eliminate or resolve the stressful probe, thereby preserving or improving the health of the person. Such a hypothesis suggests a model of religious commitment that has both direct and indirect effects on health, with the indirect effects operating through religious support as well as religious coping. Religious coping is dealing with life effectively within the research for significance toward the sacred (Pargament, 1997). Pargament (1990, 1997) suggested a process through which religion plays a part in coping. The process of coping activities and coping outcome, and religion can be a part of each of the central constructs of coping. Religion can contribute to the coping process, shaping the character of live events. In addition, religion itself is shaped by the elements of this process. People bring with them a system of general beliefs, practices, aspirations, and relationships which affect how they deal with difficult moments. A number of studies have definitely linked religious participation to a longer life (Hummer others, 2004; Krause, 2006; McCullough others, 2000). Religious-coping responses may eliminate or resolve the stressful probe, thereby preserving or improving the health of the person. Such a hypothesis suggests a model of religious commitment that has both direct and indirect effects on health, with the indirect effects operating through religious support as well as religious coping. Religious coping is dealing with life effectively within the research for significance toward the sacred (Pargament, 1997). Religious coping is expressed in the cognitive construction of the triggering event, in the ends sought and in the methods used to reach these ends. Religious coping may be involved in the conservation or transformation of ends. Pargaments (1997) model is potentially useful in determining how this religious coping influence work-family conflict. Pargament (1997) proposed a model that integrates religion into Lazarus and Folkmans (1984) classic tripartite theory of coping consisting of primary and secondary appraisals of a stressor; cognitive or behavioral strategies to deal with the event; and sought-after outcomes of coping. Specifically, Pargament (1997) theorized that life events can be interpreted in religious term (i.e., religious coping appraisals), that religion offers people of all ages unique religious pathways to cope with s tress (i.e., religious coping processes), and that religion can imbue with sacred significance the destinations that people strive to reach by means of coping processes. In Pargaments model, religious coping is a broad construct, defined as a search for significance in times of stress in ways related to the sacred (Pargament, 1996, 1997). The term the sacred highlights what makes religion unique. The core of the sacred consists of concepts of God, the divine, and the transcendent, but virtually any object can become part of the sacred through its association with or representation of divinity (Pargament Mahoney, in press). And, unlike other personal and social institutions, religion connects the search for significance during times of stress with higher powers and beliefs, experiences, rituals and institutions associated with supernatural forces. In this frame of reference, spirituality is conceptualized as the heart of religion and defined as the search for the sacred (Pargament Mahoney, 2002). Issues on Feminism in Work-Family Conflict Carol Gilligans Moral Development Theory As human beings grow we somehow develop the ability to assess what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. In other words; we develop morality, a system of learned attitudes about social practices, institutions, and individual behavior used to evaluate situations and behavior as good or bad, right or wrong (Lefton, 2000). One theorist, Carol Gilligan, found that morality develops by looking at much more than justice. The following will discuss the morality development theory of Carol Gilligan and its implications. Carol Gilligan was the first to consider gender differences in her research with the mental processes of males and females in their moral development. In general, Gilligan noted differences between girls and boys in their feelings towards caring, relationships, and connections with other people. More specifically Gilligan noted that girls are more concerned with care, relationships, and connections with other people than boys (Lefton, 2000). Thus, Gilligan hypothesized that as younger children girls are more inclined towards caring and boys are more inclined towards justice (Lefton, 2000). Gilligan suggests this difference is due to gender and the childs relationship with the mother (Lefton, 2000). Kohlbergs theory is comprised of three levels of moral development becoming more complex. Kohlbergs moral development theory did not take into account gender, and from Kohlbergs theory Gilligan found that girls do in-fact develop moral orientations differently than boys. According to Gilligan, the central moral problem for women is the conflict between self and other. Within Gilligans theoretical framework for moral development in females, she provides a sequence of three levels (Belknap, 2000). At level one of Gilligans theoretical framework a womans orientations is towards individual survival (Belknap, 2000); the self is the sole object of concern. The first transition that takes place is from being selfish to being responsible. At level two the main concern is that goodness is equated with self-sacrifice (Belknap, 2000). This level is where a woman adopts societal values and social membership. Gilligan refers to the second transition from level two to level three as the transition from goodness to truth (Belknap, 2000). Here, the needs of the self must be deliberately uncovered; as they are uncovered the woman begins to consider the consequences of the self and other (Belknap, 2000). One study by Gilligan Attanucci (1988) looked at the distinction between care and justice perspectives with men and women, primarily adolescence and adults when faced with real-life dilemmas. The study showed that: a) concerns about justice and care are represented in peoples thinking about real-life moral dilemmas, but that people tend to focus on one or the other depending on gender, and b) there is an association between moral orientation and gender such that women focus on care dilemmas and men focus on justice dilemmas (Gilligan Attanucci, 1988). Gilligans theory has had both positive and negative implications in the field of psychology. One positive implication is that her work has influenced other psychologists in their evaluations of morality. Also, Gilligans work highlights that people think about other people in a humanly caring way. Gilligan also emphasized that both men and women think about caring when faced with relationship dilemmas, similarly both are likely to focus on justice when faced with dilemmas involving others rights. On the other hand, the most criticized element to her theory is that it follows the stereotype of women as nurturing, men as logical. The participants of Gilligans research are limited to mostly white, middle class children and adults (Woods, 1996. In general, literature reviews have provided that Gilligans work needs a broader more multicultural basis. In work-family conflict study, Gilligans theory can explain regarding the different between female and male in handling work and family domain as general. The moral orientations and development of women in this theory has shows that women is more caring or in other word more responsible in terms of handling family related condition compare to men. In summary, Carol Gilligan has provided a framework for the moral orientations and development of women. Gilligans theory is comprised of three stages: self-interest, self-sacrifice, and post-conventional thinking where each level is more complex. Overall, Gilligan found that girls do develop morality, differently than others. Gilligans theory holds particular implications for adolescent girls specifically as this is typically when they enter the transition from level two to level three. However, as do all theories Gilligans has advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when looking at moral orientations. The History of Work-Family Conflict Construct Since its early development, theoretical discourse in the field of work-family conflict has been confined to a few dominant theories, such as role theory (Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek Rosenthal, 1964; Katz Kahn, 1978) and spillover theory (Zedeck Mosier, 1990). Since Zedecks (1992) call for the refinement and development of theory in the work-family field, a series of alternative theories have been suggested as a conceptual basis for explaining work-family conflict, such as Hobfolls (1989) conservation of resources theory (Grandey Cropanzano, 1999). Most research on the work-family interface has focused on work-family conflict (Allen et al., 2000). Conflict between work and

How does the length of Magnesium affect the rate of reaction? Essay

How does the length of Magnesium affect the rate of reaction? Input Variables – Magnesium strip Hydrochloric acid Outcome Variable - Release of hydrogen I have chosen to investigate whether the difference in length of a Magnesium ribbon, would change the speed in which the reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Magnesium takes. We will measure this by timing how long until the magnesium strip vanishes and there is no release of Hydrogen. Aim: I am trying to find out whether the length of Magnesium causes any alterations in the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Magnesium. I will be measuring this by timing how long it takes for the magnesium to be no longer visible and there is no hydrogen released. Prediction: I think that when Hydrochloric acid of the same volume come in to contact with Magnesium of different lengths of ribbon,, the rate if reaction for the longer strip would be far slower than the shorter one. I believe that this as the collision theory tells us that molecules collide which cause to react and merge to create a compound. This reaction varies in speed depending on the amount of molecules in the mixture and how much energy the molecules possess, which is why heated molecules react faster than normal ones. So with the amount of Hydrochloric acid staying relatively the same yet the number of Magnesium molecules increasing, the reaction will only take longer as the molecules have to collide even more for the reaction to be complete. Hypothesis: If my prediction is to be proven correct, then the time taken to react to the longest strip of Magnesium would take the longest and the short strip would take the least amount of time. We should also see from repeated attempts at this experiment, that the averages would also increase depending on the length of the Magnesium ribbon. Control Variables: I have chosen not change the volume of hydrochloric acid, and the width of acid will alter the amount and effectiveness of the acid, which will make the rate of reaction speed up and cause an unfair experiment. I have also kept the magnesium strip the same ribbon, as if the width if the magnesium strip is changed, the surface area would become larger and more molecules would be able to collide at one time, which would mean that the rate of reaction would be faster. Preliminary Work: I have... ...unt of time taken to perform the experiment and would give me the opportunity for more tests to be taken and more data to be retrieved. However, the tests that were performed were a fair test as the method used was very simple, so error wasn’t a large factor. This meant that the solution could react without being tampered with. Although, on performing the second attempt for the 5cm strip, the tube was accidentally split by passers – by, so we had to stop the time and record the time thus far. This could be the cause for the anomalies within the results and if I were to do it again, I would expect the results to be greatly different. Due to the amount of stopwatches used in the experiment, we were able to get the exact time for each test tube, which was easier for recording than just using one, which I did during the preliminary experiment. Conclusion: In conclusion, I found out that my prediction was right and that the longer strip took a comparatively longer reaction time than the short two centimetre strip. This can be seen from the evidence gathered, which I believed to be accurate and would appear again if this experiment were to be performed once more.

Complex Relationship between the American and Jig in Hemingway’s Hills

The Complex Relationship between the American and Jig in Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† In Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, the American and Jig are like the tracks at the train station, they can never meet. While Jig represents fertility, life and continuity, the American represents sterility, dryness and death. Unfortunately, Jig depends emotionally on the American – as many women depended on their male counterparts in the 1940s – and lacks the autonomy and willpower required to openly affirm herself in their relationship. As they struggle to find common ground, the very discussion that can bring them together only tears them apart. The differences in each character – in their personality, means of communication and desires – truly emphasize the constant opposition that burns between them, this very opposition leads to the couple’s inevitable separation, as Jig discovers herself and her independence through the dilemma at hand. The ubiquitous conflict between the American and Jig is underlined by the tremendous differences in their personality, communication methods and desires. In the beginning, the environment seems relaxed, neither, the American nor Jig, is speaking. Jig is looking out at the scenery that is â€Å"brown and dry† (paragraph 8) – like their relationship – as the American orders drinks. Unlike the American who is disconnected, Jig seems to be imaginative, intuitive and connected with her world, while she gazes out the window, she remarks that the hills â€Å"look like white elephants† (paragraph 9). At this point, she seems to have something on her mind: white elephants are believed to be rare and precious, although they require much upkeep, commitment and sacrifice, e... ...g and the American is what eventually tears them apart, they have different needs and desires and this, in turn, allows Jig to discover her independence, despite the difficult choice she faces. After having weighed everything, Jig would have probably had the abortion. Regardless of whether she leaves the American or remains forever unhappy with him, Jig’s decision is made: she takes a final stance and acknowledges – in an ironic tone – â€Å"I feel fine†¦ there’s nothing wrong with me. I feel fine† (paragraph 110). The question of self-affirmation has been solved here, as she looks to her own self, her own happiness and her own will to look at things as they are. WORKS CITED Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. 4th Compact Ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2008. 290-293.

Garden for the Blind :: Architecture Design Essays

Garden for the Blind I love the idea of creating a garden for the blind. Blindness is something I have given a lot of thought, as I have Glaucoma, an eye disease that untreated leads to blindness. Doctors said that had I not been diagnosed, I would have been blind by the age of ten. Luckily, in my case, they did catch it and I am able to see. Being so close to losing my sight has made me think very seriously about life as a blind person; and I often try to do everyday things with my eyes closed, such as getting ready for bed and playing the piano, to see how much of an adjustment I would have to make. The first thing that I notice when I try to do something with my eyes closed, is the immediate need for touch. Although the other three senses, audio, olfactory, and taste are also important and I plan to incorporate them into my garden as well, however, my main focus will be on the sense of touch. To begin with, the area designated for the garden is fairly steep, therefore it is necessary to decide how to set the path through the garden. Our class trip to the Butterfly Rain forest, and being able to go through blindfolded, was a great resource for ideas on creating this garden, particularly with the need to create an environment that is easy to navigate without sight. Stairs provide obvious difficulty for a garden for the blind, therefore, I have decided to use sloping ground, which although more expensive, would be safer and an easier environment to navigate. Also, as an additional benefit, the garden would be wheelchair accessible. To line the garden path, either a natural pressed dirt ground, or a highly durable short sod ground could work, both of which are natural options. However, recycled tires, much like the surface of nice running track surfaces, would make an easier to maintain surface, that incorporates recycled materials and gives more of a response to t he act of walking by adding an extra bounce (in addition to being even more wheel chair friendly than the previous two natural options). The main focus of the garden that I think would create an extraordinary environment, unlike anything else existing, would be the incorporation of marble statues periodically along the path that visitors to the garden would be encouraged to touch. Garden for the Blind :: Architecture Design Essays Garden for the Blind I love the idea of creating a garden for the blind. Blindness is something I have given a lot of thought, as I have Glaucoma, an eye disease that untreated leads to blindness. Doctors said that had I not been diagnosed, I would have been blind by the age of ten. Luckily, in my case, they did catch it and I am able to see. Being so close to losing my sight has made me think very seriously about life as a blind person; and I often try to do everyday things with my eyes closed, such as getting ready for bed and playing the piano, to see how much of an adjustment I would have to make. The first thing that I notice when I try to do something with my eyes closed, is the immediate need for touch. Although the other three senses, audio, olfactory, and taste are also important and I plan to incorporate them into my garden as well, however, my main focus will be on the sense of touch. To begin with, the area designated for the garden is fairly steep, therefore it is necessary to decide how to set the path through the garden. Our class trip to the Butterfly Rain forest, and being able to go through blindfolded, was a great resource for ideas on creating this garden, particularly with the need to create an environment that is easy to navigate without sight. Stairs provide obvious difficulty for a garden for the blind, therefore, I have decided to use sloping ground, which although more expensive, would be safer and an easier environment to navigate. Also, as an additional benefit, the garden would be wheelchair accessible. To line the garden path, either a natural pressed dirt ground, or a highly durable short sod ground could work, both of which are natural options. However, recycled tires, much like the surface of nice running track surfaces, would make an easier to maintain surface, that incorporates recycled materials and gives more of a response to t he act of walking by adding an extra bounce (in addition to being even more wheel chair friendly than the previous two natural options). The main focus of the garden that I think would create an extraordinary environment, unlike anything else existing, would be the incorporation of marble statues periodically along the path that visitors to the garden would be encouraged to touch.

Human Facial Expressions and Emotions Essay

To accept that the implications of human emotions are universal is indeed very extensive. It speaks to an issue that is deeply entrenched in human nature and it is by no means a trivial question. Much research has been conducted in this field of emotions through the analysis of facial expressions, categorizing evidence into two primary categories: those in favor of the universality of emotions, known as the Universality thesis, or those in favor of cultural influence on emotions. While it has been largely accepted that there is a basic universal language in the field, the bulk of the debate centers on where exactly factors controlling expression of facial expressions lie on this spectrum. There is undeniably overwhelming evidence in support of the universality thesis with both qualitative (judgment studies) and quantitative (muscle unit measurements and brain mapping techniques) data; however, one could not overlook the behavioral and anatomical evidence in favor of culture-specific expressions. Therefore, universal emotions may serve as a very fundamental framework among all humans; yet, it is cultural differences that fine-tune this structure into the emotions each individual expresses. Introduction to Universality Thesis: The Darwinian Hypothesis Principles for the Expression of Emotions The Work of Charles Darwin. Many of the ideas that Darwin formulated in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals have led to this field of research. On the book’s most basic level, he defended that emotion expressions are evolved and adaptive (Hess & Thibault, 2009). However, Darwin also posits three crucial principles from which many of the subsequent fundamental questions and debate over emotions and their purpose stem. The Principle of Serviceable Habits. As Hess and Thibault (2009) note, this first principle takes a Lamarckian view of the inheritance of emotions genetically through the force of habits. Darwin explicitly underscores the concept and force of habit. It also speaks very much to the functionality of emotions and their expressions, although most of them are vestigial. However, these traits could still be observed in animals because the civilization of humans would suppress such instinctual tendencies. A common example is that of rage and aggression as a â€Å"playful sneer† or â€Å"ferocious snarl† (Darwin, 1872) reveals animal descent. The Principle of Antithesis. In a reversal of the first principle, the second principle asserts that some expressions are so directly opposite to nature that the only means is that of expressive communication (Darwin 1872). This makes the expression almost analogous to the voice for the purpose of intercommunication. It is worth noting, however, the Darwin extends this principle to not only states, but to traits as well (Hess & Thibault, 2009). For instance, Darwin (1872) postulates that the enigmatic action of a gaping mouth could indicate a feebleness of character. Such actions eventually become ingrained through habit. The Principle of the Direct Action of the Excited Nervous System on the Body.  This final principle that Darwin outlines could be considered the direct product of the nervous system. Therefore, some expressions occur to balance excess emotions. For instance, consider the absurd nature of laughter (Hess & Thibault, 2009). Heckler (1873) proposed that laughter could in fact be a protective reflex that compromises the excess of the circulatory and respiratory systems through the irritation of vasomotor nerves. The work of Darwin and universality thesis will later by revived in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the judgments studies of Paul Ekman. Evidence in Support of Universality Evidence derived from Judgment Studies Introduction. The universality thesis is most contingent upon judgment data, evidence of observers seeing the same emotions in all faces (Russell, 1994). Paul Ekman is largely considered to be the pioneer and preeminent scholar in the field of emotions, and his judgment studies with overwhelming evidence supporting the universality of facial expressions are frequently cited in subsequent studies on this topic. The earlier view before studies conducted by Ekman and Friesen from the late 1960s was that facial expressions completely differed from culture to culture (La Barre, 1947). With Ekman and Friesen’s groundbreaking work on the constancy of facial expressions throughout cultures in 1971, however, the tremendous evidence has persuaded much of the psychology world to accept the universality thesis although skeptics still remain (Ekman & Friesen, 1987). Pan-cultural udgment studies. Among the first of these pan-cultural judgment studies was conducted by Ekman, Sorenson, and Friesen (1969) in New Guinea, Borneo, Brazil, the United States, and Japan where they found evidence in favor of pan-cultural elements in facial displays; observers in these cultures were able to recognize similar emotions in the a standard set of photographs. They first obtained samples of photographed facial expressions that were free of cultural differences. The subjects, too, were carefully selected as data needed to be collected from virtually isolated preliterate societies to eliminate the variable of mass media (Ekman et al. , 1969). Photographs of Caucasians—male and female, adult and children—were used, all of whom were professional and amateur actors. The observers observed primarily the preliterate societies from New Guinea and Borneo, two isolated communities that required translators. 1] The emotion Happy (H) was most universally recognized with tremendous accuracy in responses—United States: 97 H; Brazil: 97 H; Japan: 87 H; New Guinea: 99 H (Pidgin) and 82 H (Fore); and Borneo: 92 H. Fear (F), however, seem to generate a more varied response between different cultures, with Surprise (SU) and Anger (A) as answers as well—United States: 88 F; Japan: 71 F, 26 SU; New Guinea: 46 F, 31 A (Pidgin) and 54 F, 25 A (Fore); Borneo: 40 F, 33 SU. There were also variations within Disgust-Contempt (D) with some mixtures of A and in the Borneo society, even H; A included some D and F; SU included F and A, which these variations occurring primarily in the isolated societies; and finally, Sadness (SA) was sometimes interpreted as A, with A being the only given response in the Fore group of New Guinea. While there is certainly evidence for some basic universality, Ekman, Sorenson, and Friesen attributed the discrepancies to language barriers and task unfamiliarity in the illiterate societies. Flaws and how they were subsequently addressed. Ekman and Friesen (1987) later published a study in which they acknowledge some flaws of previous judgment studies. With respect to the study above, three problems that limited them are: (1) there has only been one such study, (2) not all six emotions were accurately recognized, and (3) the facial expressions were posed as opposed to spontaneous (Ekman & Friesen, 1987). In response to the last criticism, Ekman and Friesen (1972) designed a study of facial expressions shown by Japanese and Americans while watching stress-inducing films of body mutilation and neutral films of natural andscape. When subjects from each of the two cultures viewed the films in the absence of a scientist with a hidden video camera, the facial expressions from both groups were virtually identical; when viewing the same films in the presence of a scientist, however, the Japanese tended to mask negative expressions with smile, lending support to the presence of cultural display rules when different cultures ma nage and mask universal expressions. The primary criticism, however, was (1) again, there has only been one such study, and (2) the films only elicit two emotions (disgust and fear)—other universal expressions were not determined for (Ekman & Friesen, 1987). Later studies, however, involving photographs of facial expressions shown to observers of across 12 literature cultures found very high agreement by multiple researchers including Ekman, Friesen, Sorenson, and Izard (Ekman et at. , 1969; Izard, 1971). The multiple replications of this design lends to its credibility (Ekman & Friesen, 1987). Universality of the recognizing intensity. Ekman and Friesen (1987) sought to further extend their basic judgment studies by testing for four different hypotheses of cross-cultural agreement for (1) single-choice judgment tasks; (2) the strongest emotion; (3) the second strongest emotion; and (4) strength of emotion. The nations that were chosen included 8 different languages from both Western and non-Western countries. In (1), the single-choice judgment task that replicated previous studies, once again, produced accurate results in terms of the percentage of subjects in a country correctly identifying with a predicted emotion. For instance, two examples include Happiness, in which the percentage ranged from 98% (Scotland) to 69% (Sumatra); for Surprise, 94% (Japan) to 78% (Sumatra), while Sadness, ranged from 92% (U. S. ) to 76% (Turkey). Overall, the emotional term chosen by the majority of the subjects in each culture was accurate 178 out of 180 times. Hypothesis (2) was also supported: 177 out of 180 times, the emotion that was judged to be the most prominent by the majority of each culture was also the predicted emotion. Hypothesis (3), which predicted the universality of the secondary emotion, was sustained as well: in every culture, there was complete agreement about the secondary emotion signaled by expressions of disgust and fear. The results for sadness and surprise, however, were too infrequent to be conclusive (5 out of 30 opportunities and 8 out of 30 respectively). Further research needs to be conducted to determine the cause for this discrepancy (Ekman & Friesen, 1987). Hypothesis (4) required subjects to judge the intensity of emotions on an 8-point scale (1-slight, 4-moderate, 8-strong) to predict the universality of judging. This, according to Ekman and Friesen (1987) however, led to inconclusive results. Using a one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), F(54,2743)=3. 95, signifies a moderate association between culture and intensity judgments. However, instead, the six univariate tests ranged from 2. 3 in Sadness to 6. 66 in Surprise, indicating that there are significant differences among cultures in this respect. These differences, according, to Ekman and Friesen, could have 2 possibilities: (1) politeness and a greater uncertainty about a foreigner or (2) the language barrier, as observers had make judgments in language other than English (Ekman & Friesen, 1987). Nevertheless, with three of these hypotheses confirmed, the evidence for universal facial expressions is undeniably overwhelming despite these flaws. Evidence based on Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and Action Units Introduction. Based on the evidence for the presence of six basic emotions across cultures,—happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust and surprise—qualitative descriptions of facial muscles associated with each of them have been identified. For instance, happy expressions include tense lower eyelids, raised cheeks and lip corners pulled up, while sad expressions include inner eyebrows raised and drawn together, and lip corners pulled down (Kohler et al. 2004). Based on such observations, Ekman and Friesen (1978) developed the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) by identifying the presence of action units (AU). They serve as the standard set of facial expressions. Target AUs in universal emotions. Kohler et al (2004) sought to identify which AUs characterized the four universal emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. A total of 128 images of emotional expressions were used in a sample of 105 sub jects from Drexel University. Of these subjects, 63 were men and 42 were women. There were also 71 Caucasian, 9 Africa-American, 4 Hispanic/Latino, and 21 Asian-American participants, indicating ethnic diversity. They were then asked whether each facial expression matched the target emotion. FACS ratings revealed that uniquely absent and present AUs were found for each emotion (Kohler et al, 2004). In Happy, the presence of AU 6, 7, and 26 was ositively associated with happy recognition, and determined that the presence of 6 increased recognition four times; in Sad, AU 4, 17, and 25 were positively while 15 was negatively associated; in Anger, AU 4, 5, and 16 were positively while 23 was negatively associated[2]; and in Fear, AU 5, 1, and 26 were positively while 4 was negatively associated. By defining expressions quantitatively with unique muscle patterns over a diverse subject group, the universality thesis is further strengthened. The 2004 Athens Olympics Game. Psychologist David Matsmoto[3] (2006) conducted a field behavioral study of the facial expressions displayed by medal winners of the judo competition during the 2004 Athens Olympics Games using F F ACS. With judo photographer Bob Willingham, they captured the spontaneous reactions of 84 medal winners from 35 different countries—the most diverse ethnic group in a spontaneously intense emotional field study—at 3 different times: (1) when they completed the match, (2) when they received their medals from the dignitary, and (3) when they posed on the podium. Matsumoto (2006) found that independent of cultural backgrounds, there are very specific facial expressions that occur in emotionally-charged contexts. This study was designed in response to some criticisms of judgments studies and previous field studies conducted in other sporting events including bowling and soccer (Kraut & Johnson, 1979; Ruiz-Belda et al. , 2003). A crucial concern about judgments studies held in laboratories is their posed stimuli and artificial nature because they lack the investigation of the expression within a social context (Matsumoto, 2006). While later field studies were conducted in order to address this concern, there were three flaws that Matsumoto (2006) in turn addresses. The first two are the strength of the elicited emotional response—a factor that is not intense enough with bowling spares and strikes—and the time allowed for expressions to unfold. The third and most important aspect of the study was the type of smile elicited in the social context, something that Kraut and Johnson (1979) had failed to distinguish. Matsumoto determines two types of smiles: the Duchenne smile and the non-Duchenne smile; the former is associated with enjoyment and the latter is associated with pleasantry or social convenience even though the person does not feel positive emotions. While Ruiz-Belda et al (2003) uses the FACS, which detects the muscle movements associated with these smiles, they were not differentiated. In order to isolate photos or victory, Willingham took pictures from the gold and bronze matches (Matsumoto, 2006), the most emotionally intense matches as they both occur at the margin; the former wins the first place while the latter made the cut for a medal. Negative emotions of defeat were searched for in silver medal winners and athletes who placed fifth. Again, as aforementioned, it is important to distinguish the timing of emotions, as the first expressions upon completing a match are often the most instinctual and natural ones. Thirteen out of 14 gold medalists and 18 out of 16 bronze medalists smiled for a total of 31 smiles; of those 31 smiles, 29 were Duchenne and 24 were open-mouthed. In the defeat silver medalists, none smiled and 1 of the 26 fifth placers smiled. Instead, 43% of silver medalists and 35% of fifth placers showed sadness, 29% and 23% showed nothing (respectively), and 14% and 15% showed contempt (again, respectively). Upon receiving the medal, which is a much more public event than initial expressions, 54 of the 56 athletes smiled. All 14 gold medalists (12 open-mouthed), 6 silver medalists (out of the 14), and 20 bronze medalists (out of 28) had Duchenne smiles. Cultural differences were tested for, but none were found. In the final situation, the most public of the three, the athletes’ expressions were taken on the podium. Again, all the gold medalists smiled; only 9 silver medalists of the 14 smiled (only 5 of these were uncontrolled, of which 3 were controlled Duchenne); and 26 bronze medalists of the 28 smiled (13 of which were open-mouthed and Duchenne). Interestingly in this last scenario, cultural differences was evident: gold and bronze medalists from North America-Western Europe and East Asia were much more prone to displaying Duchenne smiles (96%) as opposed to gold and bronze medalists from other countries (47%). This study of facial expressions further reinforces the notion of universal emotions. Because no other emotion other than the Duchenne smile was prominent in these expressions of victory, the data suggests that it may be the only facial marker of the joy of victory (Matsumoto, 2006). Matsumoto then proposed an evolutionary reason why this may be the case along the lines of behavioral ecology: facial expressions provide rapid means of communication, and it may not have been absolutely adaptively necessary to communicate various emotions of enjoyment. However, while this last point is highly speculative, the data that Matsumoto provides for universal facial expressions, which were displayed most prominently in more private settings but still detectable in more public ones using FACS, is very thorough and convincing.

The Things They Carried Passage Analysis

go around changeover The Things They Carried The function of the passage from the episode Spin is to introduce a different reading material of the concept of world-wearyom, one that pertains to the state of war and the soldiers specifically and not often experienced by civilians. The type of boredom described by the fibber in the passage is tenser, and encompasses umpteen more emotions that the Alpha Company comes across.Throughout the passage, the reviewer gets the idea that the soldiers are not bored in the irritated and uninterested counseling that most people typically are. Instead, the work force are anxious, anticipating the next unpleasant point to come upon them at any snatch. The narrator explains, Youd try to relax. Youd uncurl your fists and let your thoughts go. Well, youd think, this isnt so bad. And right then youd listen gunfire behind you and your nuts would aviate up into your throat and youd be squealing farrow squeals (OBrien 34).This description of ho w the soldiers would behave, with curl fists and apprehensive thoughts, jumping at each noise, proves that they are not nonchalant and hyperaware of their surrounding and on edge. When the narrator describes war as boring, he refers to the redundancy of ever worrying, then allowing oneself to relax for a moment before being bombarded with another battle. The premier(prenominal) three sentences from the quote have a calm, slow attitude, especially when juxtaposed with gunfire, nuts, and pig squeals, which are harsh, callous words.The way in which OBrien chose to write that particular quote is similar to the repetitive way that the soldiers wait, reservation the reader understand to some level what it is like to live that way. As a result, OBrien uses this passage to introduce a new, atypical definition of the word bored, where it is employ as an umbrella word for some(prenominal) other emotions, including anxiety and fear.

Shakespeare and Robert Browning

display Shakespe be and browning both open the theme of craving through their central char be arrs. skirt Macbeth (and Macbeth) is motivated by the commit for ambition and authority in Macbeth whilst in the Browning monologues the monologists are driven by the trust of indicator and hold up in Porphyrias fan and vindicate in The laboratory. All of which expect to prevail fatal conclusions as a pull up stakes of each of their commits.As the texts were produced over 400years ago, earreachs whitethorn father put up the works of Shakespeare and Browning highly thought-provoking and socialize whilst contemporary audiences finding the different aspects of appetency relatable to fresh situations. brothel keeper Macbeths need for authority in her famous soliloquy doctor me here reflects on the feelings of military personnely women at that clock time longing for fountain.Likewise, audiences of the the research lab are able to empathise with the protagonists desire for revenge upon their adulterous grappler. In Porphyrias Lover, Browning reveals an obsessive and controlling role who can totally satisfy his absolute bonk for his lover by strangling her, presenting his desire for control over others. Section 1 How do the writers expose the central characters? LADY MACBETH Lady Macbeths admittance to the audience in Act 1, pic 5 immediately reconciles it clear of her intentions. Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst abrasiveness. As this is a soliloquy, it invites the audience in to specify her inner thoughts and feeling and her true desire for power. * Her intention of desperate verbs, contend and fill me not only notifies the audience of her desire for power, but the lengths she is go come forthing go to reach it. Lady Macbeths mention of the super indispensable interprets how epic she is for her desire as she craves to posses characteristics o f a man by calling upon the spirits and this possibly confirms the dark crosstie she has to the witches prophecy as she dos commanding language add followed by supernatural references spirits and only calls upon them. * She says come to me womans breast and take my draw for gall. Stating the physical differences of males and females not only press outs the limitations of her desire (she is a woman), but reflects on the position of women at the time beca utilise she is pleading to have all her feminine traits emoved to attain her desire. * Likewise, when she says that tend on deterrent example thoughts unsex me here she is asking the spirits to de-feminise and undo her natural order her as she wants to be emotionless and not feel guilty as she recognises that her desire goes against the moral order thus emphasising her sacrosanct feeling of desire and how faraway she will go. It could in like manner be argued that the circumstance that women had to act in certain ways in the 16th century, for instance beingnessness completely against furiousness of any sorts, may have spurred on doll Macbeth to rebel and achieve her desire. Also, the reference to direst cruelty make thick my logical argument further supports her portrayal to the audience as an evil and corrupted character. The use of the semi-colon emphasises the use of the word cruelty which is a trait seen to be masculine not feminine * This may have been shocking yet entertaining to the Elizabethan audiences as women at that time werent expected to act and think in such a way. * The particular that when we meet her when Macbeth is not present (or any atomic number 53 else) shows her desire for power as she is telling us what she wants THE LABORATORY Similarly, in Robert Brownings monologue of The laboratory the audience are made fully aware of the narrators intentions from the beginning. May gaze thro these faint smokes curling whitely. The personae describes deadly arsenic fumes as somethi ng handome which suggests to the reader that she is somewhere where chemical reactions take place- therefrom the title. * The fact that we are introduced to her in this associationting brings a dark atmosphere similar to intro of brothel keeper Macbeth * This may portray signs of insanity which questionable passim the poem. Reference to the devils smithy further enhances her desire for revenge as she knows she is doing something bad by red to a devils smithy * Poison to poison her- reinforces the narrative to drink down and the firstborn glimpse to who the revenge is on (her) and doesnt mention the name * It shows how deranged the protagonists nature has become, who goes so far as to poison her bear on in love The use of rhyming quickens the pace of the poem, adding to the womans increase vehemence as the apothecary grinds up the mixture.Many of Brownings poems were create verbally about people with an unusual nature. At first glance, the poem appears to be written as i f she were take to task to the apothecary, but reading into it shows that she may be thought process to herself as at the start of the poem she tells the man to take his time, but as she thinks about the possibilities and power the poison will bring her she begins to hurry him. Her offhand attitude towards her future crime suggests that she may have previously killed and does not care about being found out as she is proud of what she will have d one and only(a). PORPHYRIAS LOVER the rain set early this evening- tonight is a time indicator and possibly foreshadows something that will happen tonight * Use of pathetic fallacy- weather mirrors feeling tangle by the narrator * Irregular rhyme pattern- may show narrators instabilltiy * No stanzas reflective of the narrators mental nominate/personality * When obsessed cant interference lecture about something * Build up of tenseness at the beginning to get to the climax COMPARRISON OF exclusively * All start in a sour gloomy w ay * Section 2 How do the writers show that desire motivates and drives these characters?LADY MACBETH * Act 1, Scene 7- When you durst do it then you were a man shows Lady Macbeths play on masculinity as she uses the sinless tense were highlighting the difference now and in advance which provokes Macbeth and in turn manipulates him to go through with the carrying out of Macbeth with will get allow her to attain her desire for power (again shows how far she is willing to go to achieve happiness) * * Strong imagery and emotive lang-passionate * Blank poetise instead of prose * Shakespeare uses a metaphor and contrast to show that Lady Macbeth is remorseless.In Act I scene 7, when Macbeth wants to rump out of killing Duncan, she tells Macbeth I have dispose suck, and know / How tender tis to love the babe that milks me / I would, while it was smiling in my face, / Have pluckd my mammilla from his deboned gums, / And dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as you. * First, Lady M acbeth uses feminine language, showing she knows what it means to be tender and nurturing with words handle tender love and milk. But then, she shocks the audience by apply violent language such as step on it the brains out.This is an upsetting image it makes the audience empathise that Lady Macbeth would put a promise to begin with the life of her own child. * Lady Macbeth seems to have no problem with violence of the cruelest kind violence against a child. What makes Lady Macbeth sound even more ruthless are words like as boneless and smiling because the baby sounds defenseless, yet Lady Macbeth wont show it mercy. * By having Lady Macbeth talk about committing infanticide, Shakespeare makes her a villain in the eye of the audience, because in the 1600s, women were seen as soft and nurturing.Behaving this way would be seen as unnatural and would have shocked Shakespeares audience. * This shows how her she is driven by desire because for Lady Macbeth (who portrays a strong per sonae) to talk about how she knows what Is like to be a woman and be nurturing, which doesnt happen very often in the play, as a way to control her conserve into getting into power shows how driven she is and again how far shell go. THE LAB * Browning also presents the reader with a character who is completely ruthless when it comes to fulfilling her desires.Although Lady Macbeth desires power whereas the speaker in The Laboratory desires revenge, they share the corresponding determination to get what they want regardless of the consequence. When talking to the chemist about her plans for revenge the speaker says and Elize, with her head, and her breast, and her hands should drop dead . Just like the first appearance of Lady Macbeth, Browning also paints a intense image of death and murder. Worryingly for the reader, Browning strongly suggests the speakers enjoyment of the topic of her rivals death.By repeating the word and it suggests that she is relishing the idea of revenge and also that she has thought about it save as much. Section 3 How do the writers show how desire affects relationships in the text? Section 4 How do the writers show the results/consequences of desire? LADY MACBETH * In the final stages of the play the result of Lady Macbeths desire for power becomes clear when she loses her mental constancy and starts to re-live the murder she and her husband committed. Whilst in her room she utters the expression * Out damned spot * Out I say * The use of the command here clearly shows the fact that Lady Macbeth a once effectual and desire driven woman is becoming more and more unstable. Shakespeares use of the repetition of the word out shows how desperate she has become, how she has lost control. The repeated use of the ecphonesis marks highlights the intensity of her need for her hands to be clean. The spot to which she is referring to is that of the blood of King Duncan, up to now in this instance the blood is a figurative manifes tation of her guilt, and one that will neer go away.Her need for power has destroyed her she can no longer escape the consequences of what she has done. In this dialogue Lady Macbeth also alludes to the fact that she herself has been damned, just like she may never get the spot of blood off of her skin she will never be able to clean her own soul, she will never be able to escape what she has done. Through the use of the word damn Shakespeare successfully suggests the idea of hell, one which was key in Lady Macbeths initial soliloquy.In this scene many may feel a sense of sympathy for Lady Macbeth, as she is going through a traumatic experience, and yet there is no sign of Macbeth, once again taken over by desire he has abandoned his wife in her time of need. However, this scene may be considered to be appropriate by Shakespearian audiences as Lady Macbeth losing her mental stability is seen as a result of her dealing with aspects of life that are deemed to be not feminine. Conclu sion present your own ideas about the varying successes of the different writers, evaluating which of the treatments you cull and why exemplar to follow * Whilst Shakespeare presents highly make characters in the shape of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, both of whom are driven to self-destruction by their strong feelings of desire, it is Brownings monologist in The Laboratory that conjures this desire roughly convincingly. Grind away, moisten and mash up thy paste,/ tucker out at thy powder, I am not in haste Both the language and the form obligate the reader to reluctantly empathise with the persona. We feel pull into the conspiracy she has arranged with her apothecary, driven by the imperative commands she expresses through the use of alliteration, exclamations and commanding verbs. Moreover, the use of bilabial plosives paste pound owder attracts the reader, caught up in the excitement she feels as she anticipates the deadly outcomes of the concoction being created. Of course, she is in haste. What is interest is that all three texts make desire enticing (even though we know that moral boundaries are being challenged and broken). Browning not only shows the corruption that strong feelings of desire can bring but also succeeds in corrupting the reader as we unattackable to her intentions