How Historical Architecture Elements Have Been Destroyed

How historical architecture elements have been destroyed in the buildings of Lass Vegas Lass Vegas is a city in the state of Nevada and the city is extremely populous and internationally known for the fine dining, gaming and shopping (Stern, Peggy and Alan 13). Lass Vegas proclaims itself as the world's capital of entertainments due to its famous hotels combined with casinos. It may seem like all the great architecture of the world is gathered in one place: there's Venice, Caesar Palace, Luxury, New York and Camelot Statue of Liberty, Eiffel Tower, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and etc.Directly low the Eiffel Tower, cicadas buzz in branches of the Roman pines that overlook the waters of an Italian lake. Suddenly, the waters burst into song: the voices of Andrea Bacilli and Cline Don rise into the warm night air and spectacular fountains sway in time to the music. Fifteen minutes later, the fountains are dancing to Elvis. ( Hollies, Edward) All these revolution of the themed casino hotel building took place in the sass, when casino owners such as Steve Wynn and Sheldon G Delano realized that Vegas didn't have to be Just about gambling.If they could turn Vegas into a loudly destination in its own right, they figured, then they could attract all sorts of people – folks from Out East, families, and so on, who would never have dreamed have coming before. And if they could attract those regular respectable folks, then they could attract regular money, too. But the architectural design used in the majority of the buildings in Lass Vegas is just a total replication of the ancient architectural design from various part of the world (Stern, Peggy and Alan 13).This meaner that most of its modern architectural design is a complete abstraction of the original design. The Lass Vegas hotels with the ancient architecture theme may have the similar fade of the ancient building but they are essentially still the modernism buildings. The ancient architectural buildings emphasi ze 3 elements like aesthetic, function and structure. All these three elements should marry together. The Lass Vegas buildings are like most of the modernism buildings which emphasize the space.Space is deified in the modernism thus replaced the position of the symbol, bringing the architect to give up the combination of architecture and painting, sculpture, images, and no longer pursuit the symbol. Modernist international style of â€Å"less is more† from Miss van deer Roe as the representative to the simple and rapid industrialization nature adapted to the needs of the times, has swept the world. (Wick) As we all know Lass Vegas is an extremely commercialese city where advertising, signs and construction of the symbol itself is as important as the position, which has also become one of the images of the city of Lass Vegas.Extensive use of neon at night makes the city showing a completely different image. This is a naked commercialism table. Billboards, similar to the tradem ark signs, neon signs, all this kind of exaggeration, mixed nightclub style architecture are not cohesive with the ancient style architecture. The Lass Vegas hotels mimicking the ancient style architecture buildings and at the same time mixed these entire modern commercial decorations extremely destroyed the classical style and the classical atheistic elements of the ancient architecture.In the book LEARNING FROM LASS VEGAS, the author Robert Venture divided the symbolism of the local building into two types: a Decorated Duck, or decorate shed or huts. Long Island duck, Aberdeen (designed like a duck store) is a erect symbol of the space of the building. The Duck is a building that has so reduced itself in importance that it has actually become the sign. According to Venture, most modern architecture are basically UN-admitted Ducks. The real hypocrisy for Venture was that â€Å"†¦ Odder architecture always demonstrated what it was by setting itself against what it wasn't. â₠¬  But a duck is a duck. The overall structure of the way submerged in the shape of an elephant. Decorated huts are ordinary buildings with local giant billboards and markers. He describes functional boring architecture, auteur to the point of being difficult to recall, but carries a surface with applique © ornamental symbols. The billboard is higher than the construction, in addition to the front facade, the back facade of the building seems to be no style.These billboards has become a symbol rich architectural language of the local business, on the other hand the building seems to be reduced only with the symbols of asylum. The buildings in the Lass Vegas with the ancient building look are Just the mixed of these two types. These hotels Just used the ancient building as a symbol of the space of the alluding. In S. Maria del Priority, as Venture, Scott Brown, and Ignore wrote of Lass Vegas, â€Å"architecture is a shelter with symbols on it. † (90) The designs of the anci ent architecture are Just working like a shell or out shape.The essential elements are no longer inside of these buildings. With these ancient architecture shell, the hotels added the giant billboards to the front fade which is a total conflict with the classic style made all the ancient styles buildings more liked the cartoon type of architecture. The classical aesthetics have been destroyed by these cartoon type. In the eighteenth century Europe, however, aesthetics was a discipline in formation. (Irene Small, 18) The classical styles of the ancient architecture here became only a giant decoration of the hotels.The elements of these building no longer emphasis on performance of the structure and function but on symbolic significance and the billboard, markers dominate the space. Luxury Hotel is a very prominent building in Lass Vegas strip due to its sheer size and the architectural construction design. The hotel is named after ancient city in Egypt. It was built with a unique Egy ptian concept. Its structural design is perceived to be a pelvic of the Gaza pyramids in Egypt with huge sphinxes at the front of the building. The interior design of the building is a copy of the Egyptian artifacts, form it golden materials to the sculptures.This is according to the Evolve Simpson who was the main architect of the Luxury building (Stern, Peggy and Alan 14) the building is Just a replica of the ancient pyramid in Egypt because its exterior design is composed of a black glass that encases the metal frame hollow structure. The inside of the building opens up to the largest open hall in the world, it's lavishly decorate with very many productions of the Egyptian painting and artifacts which give the building a sense of ancient times. During the night, very powerful spotlights shoot straight from the building to the air.These spotlights are even visible from space (Vinegar, 28). The Luxury Hotel, which was actually opened in the 1993, had a very magnificent theme of an ancient Egypt, when compared to the original pyramid but the architectural design borrows a lot of the modern technology while still trying to maintain the structural design of the original pyramid. Paris Lass Vegas is another building with a omelet imitation of the original architectural work. The building is located at the strip of the Lass Vegas. Its theme is the city of Paris in France.It's a 541 foot tall replication of the Eiffel tower, in a shape of a Montpellier balloon. It has a two-third size Arc De triumphed, which is a replica of the La Fontanne deer. Surging the architectural planning, the Eiffel scale model was supposed to be built to the full model. That is to the same height like original tower in Paris France. But the airport was to close and tower had to be shrunk. The Eiffel tower of Lass Vegas is in the scale f 1 in comparison to the original tower in Paris France. The Lass Vegas tower has another unique architectural difference from the original tower.The back l eg of the Eiffel tower come down through the ceiling into the casino floor. The Eiffel tower has a very significant structural deviation from the original tower. The tower is only 165 meters with about 5000 tons of welded steel and stands. This is about half the size of the original which is about 320 meters tall. This is a same height as of an 81 – story building. Furthermore, the Eiffel tower of France consists of a structure that made up f puddle iron that weight approximately 7300 tones, while the rest of the structure is made of nonmetallic components, which weights a approximately 10000 tones.This demonstrates the economy of design which is much different with the Eiffel tower of Lass Vegas. Venetian hotel stands at the site where one of the famous old buildings used to stand. The Sand Building was restructured during the time when Lass Vegas was moving onwards in the field of architectural designs. The Sand buildings artistic design was altered and replaced with roman architectural design, which gave the Venetian building carved stone columns in the open lobby. Again these are Just the copy of the fade of the ancient architectural.Caesar Palace Casino in Lass Vegas was constructed in 1965. The hotel was named Caesar Palace because the owner though that the name would evoke the thoughts of the loyalty because of the roman general Julius Caesar. The architectural design of the hotel had a roman architectural touch and a theme, signaling both ancient decadence and sophistication. The roman architecture framed the entrance with spraying fountains and may replicas of detailed roman statues all around the building. The idea of replicating the ancient roman architectural design was to make every guest to the hotel feel like a Caesar.This ancient ideology is also represented by the absence of an apostrophe in the Caesar Palace, which meant that it is a place of many Caesar and not one. The Caesar Palace Just represents a fade of original architectural bu ilding design of the Romans. Lass Vegas has bee accused by critics as being uncultured, heartless metropolis with remarkably little patience with any architecturally outdated building in the city, which include its own historical building sites. Visiting the end of the Fremont Street one experience digress en walking past the hulking shell of Minneapolis. , without being aware of hope the building once represented.However the building has lost its original aesthetic value and visitors have shown little to no interest in the building. The building has been into Fremont square as a part of the revitalization efforts. The ancient beauty and aesthetic value of the building has bee replaced with an animation of the modern architectural design. The building of the Caesar palace mimic all these ancient elements like arch and column mostly in a decoration way. The ancient Rome use Arches which were made of stones or bricks and placed on top of each other in a way that it can form and an arc h and hold weight upon itself.Also in the Rome the arches were used to hold the massive weight of the dome. The arches in Caesar palace's ceiling works mostly Just as the decorating to resemble the ancient Rome building style and offer a glimpse into the ancient Roman buildings almost two thousand years ago. In fact, the hotel mainly used the columns from which originated from the Greek architecture. For the material, the ancient roman mainly used concrete and blocks. But the modern construction materials of the hotel are nothing similar to the brick and concrete walls.The hotel used the modern day technological materials and were built using the state of art architectural technology (Bourns, 1 53) same like the Luxury hotel. The pyramid is used by the totally different material from the original ancient building with the giant glass. The fancy version of the sphinx, totally different scale of the building, all made these Lass Vegas pyramid more like a children's park like buildings while the classical architectural pay attention to building as a whole. The four cascades in addition to the roof should be carved like a sculpture.In Lass Vega's extreme commercial environment, Buildings are made rapid, shallow and vulgar. In order to compete in this marketplace, a casino needs a virtual edge that fulfills the old role of the sign. The buildings are often renovated to get the glossy fades. In 1998, Steve Wynn transformed an image of the Italian Bellagio resort into drizzling fountains and â€Å"historic† two-story building facades, while in 1999, Circus Circus Corporation realized the Mandalay Bays Southeast Asian theme by bringing in 2700 tons of a sand. Buildings in Lass Vegas are in relentless change.The outlooks of the building are mostly concerned in these Vegas buildings but not the structure. The ancient buildings emphasize the structure and that's how they can stand there for over thousands of year. The sturdiness is a very important character of th e ancient buildings while in the Lass Vega's buildings these elements are no longer important. In fact, Vanity and fragility of modern architecture are criticized in Xavier Delver ‘s urban forms urban forms. Lass Vegas is the modern commercial city with visual propaganda in the business repose and business needs.The benefits of social, economic, and visual impact largely affect the form and the shape of the buildings. The vision becomes an important factor of a way to attract eyeballs. Maybe that's why they are mimicking the famous architecture in the world. But the essential elements of the architecture are totally lost in these commercial buildings in which the only logic is for the profit. The purpose of business is to make money; the purpose of commercial buildings is to service to make money. The buildings in Lass Vegas mimicking the famous architecture designs are Just the visual construction of the commercials.

Ill effects of smoking in INDIA

â€Å"Smoking is Injurious to health† A true, accepted but an UN-acquired fact by the majority of genes of the world. People are careless for their health, family, environment and moreover for their motherland. People who smoke not only put these people in danger but themselves too as it seem for them that they don't value their life and put it into danger. India is a country where Cigarettes needs to be termed â€Å"Illegal†, as majority of smoking, smoker and it apparatus (tobacco, nicotine, etc. ), are dwelled here.India, the youngest country with high population and major of thou being â€Å"Youth†, is inhered to bad habits (alcohols, rugs) at a great pace. One of which is â€Å"Smoking†. Both the adults as well as youth are badly addicted to it. â€Å"Excess of anything leads to Disaster!!! † This quote correctly describes the current status of our land, India. As major of the population smokes, which lead to hundreds of deaths between the age of twenty to sixty-five. If one who smokes measures out the amount of â€Å"Tar† present out In his lungs it'd be about a liter, which Is sufficient to make him Ill, very Ill.Tar Is a poisonous toxin, which when gets accumulated In excess In our lung causes choking ND ultimately leads to â€Å"Death, Death, and Death!!! â€Å". In a country like India, there are severe problems which dwell Including the severe most â€Å"Corruption† ,add on another, â€Å"Smoking†, which adds on to the cause of destruction for our country. It has not only one but many adverse effects: 1 . Causes air, water and land pollution; 2. Danger to life; 3. Financial crises In a family; 4. Epidemic disorders like, â€Å"Cancer†; Thus, concluding my point that, â€Å"Cigarettes should be Illegal In India†, as It Is the mall cause of smoking and â€Å"Smoking Kills!!! â€Å"

Case Analysis of Denver International Airport Essay

Case Analysis of Denver International Airport - Essay Example When it finally opened to the public 16 months behind schedule it has 5 runways and 88 gates and in many ways represented a model airport for the future. According to the master plan the airlines tenants were expected to install their own baggage handling system, thus excluding the construction of a baggage handling system by the overall DIA project. Subsequently, United Airlines insisted on an automated high-speed baggage system. The Denver officials designed a large scale baggage handling system at a cost of $193 million that would require no manual labor (Ma ¨hring, Holmstro ¨m, Keil & Montealegre (2004). The design was intended to run faster and more reliable than traditional technology. The root cause of the problem is that the city failed to properly plan for the construction of the new DIA airport. They moved ahead with the designing and construction of the airport with out the input of the customers. The root cause of the problem was the faulty planning. The first and foremost reason was that the baggage handling system was not decided at the initial stage. It was a subsequent addition by which time the basic design had already been approved. In addition to the late decision of building the automated baggage handling system, during the development stage, the airlines kept changing their requirements. This led to frequent changes in the design and construction. The power systems for the revised design were not altered, which led to overloaded motors and finally mechanical failures in the system testing. The optical sensors also did not read the barcode properly which caused the system routing problem. BAE had been appointed to design and implement the automated baggage handling system. At the same time, BAE, United airlines and the City of Denver, all has their own consultants and project leaders. BAE enjoyed the reputation of being among the best and on the strength of its good

Crafting and executing a winning strategy Essay

Crafting and executing a winning strategy - Essay Example However, as big corporations are being washed out with the erosion of public/stakeholder trust due to unethical and socially irresponsible behavior, today, corporate strategists realize that a perceptible commitment to ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) has clear implications for the corporate bottom line, and integrating it as a part of corporate strategy would significantly improve business performance. [Hopkins, 2003; Houck and William, 1996] The paper examines the linkage between company's effort to craft and execute a winning strategy and its social responsibility - the company's duties to conduct its activities in an ethical manner and demonstrate socially responsible behavior as a committed corporate citizen, attending to the needs of all the stakeholders. In doing so, it shall attempt to analyze what ethics and social responsibility means in the corporate strategy context, the debates surrounding the relevance of social responsibility, and also examines the significance of ethical and socially responsible behavior by corporations for survival and success. It shall also look at ways to incorporate ethics and social responsibility into corporate strategies for ensuring long-term success of corporations. The environmental movement of the 1980s and 1990s, which exposed many unethical corporate practices by companies such as Nestle, Shell and the rising cases of corporate scandals in the recent years signifying unethical and irresponsible behavior by top officials, such as those at Enron, WorldCom etc., have brought about the significance of ethics and social responsibility as a legitimate topic in the formulation and implementation of business strategy. [Hopkins, 2003] While the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, as management imperatives, business ethics and corporate social responsibility are distinct concepts, though with inevitable overlaps. It may be worthwhile to clearly understand the two precepts before attempting to analyze their significance in creating winning strategies. Ethics in business, an age-old concept, advocates ethically appropriate behavior by businesses to the stakeholders directly concerned with the business enterprise, viz. managers, consumers, investors/owners and employees. [Hopkins, 2003] Ethical behavior in business extends to all segments of business management at the enterprise level including finance and accounting, human resources management, sales and marketing, production and intellectual property. While a consensus on the definition has not been achieved, corporate social responsibility is stated to be "concerned with treating the stakeholders of the firm ethically or in a responsible manner." [Hopkins, 2003; p.1] Corporate social responsibility, a more inclusive concept business ethics, extends beyond the enterprise level to all stakeholders, what Hopkins describes as, "the seven azimuths", within which the enterprises trade and operate viz.: owners/investors (shareholders or stockholders); management; employees; customers; t he natural environment; the wider community (including government); contractors/suppliers. [Hopkins, 2003, p. 3] CSR as a winning business strategy concerns with the responsibility of the company to each of these seven groups; it may include responsibility to competitors as well.

Fort Blount, Tennesseee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fort Blount, Tennesseee - Essay Example This cave has limited access to the public due to the various issues associated with it; among them being health related ones; and, in this case, the effects of radon upon exposure. In this paper, therefore, our main focus will be on identification of the location of the site, the description of the cave as well as its formation to the famous and great feature it is today. The big bone cave is a Monteagle limestone cave that was formed around 2117B.C, its nearest city being Bone Cave, Tennessee. The directions to the cave are simple; the location of the bone cave state natural area and rock island state park is between Sparta and McMinnville. In order to reach rock island state park one is to take Hwy 70S to Hwy 136, continue for about a mile then turn left on Hwy Rock Island. From this point, the distance remaining is about three miles to the entrance of the park that holds the cave. Cumberland Plateau on which the bone cave is located is covered with limestone, sandstone that are resistant to the agents of erosion, and it is, therefore, difficult for the cave to get affected or even risk getting affected. The cave, on the other hand, is also covered with highly resistant and impermeable rocks to offer it protection. The caves that have continued to form on the plateau escarpment are as a result of the streams that have continued to flow on the surfa ce of the escarpment, thereby eroding the cap rock slowly by slowly. The continuous flow of the streams on the surface of the plateau escarpment leads to the exposure of the limestone, and with time complete erosion occurs. It is as a result of this erosion that caves such as the big bone, form; as a result of the erosion of the plateau escarpment. This also explains the location of the big bone cave, which is at the bottom of the plateau escarpment that once existed but then later on eroded to come up with the cave. In the case of the big bone cave, the stream that eroded the plateau escarpment was the

Ethics and Reality Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and Reality - Case Study Example Reality says, brother is also young and to lead whole life with one kidney is a great risk. The patient is only 19 years of age, considering the age criterion; it is the prime responsibility of the physician to save her life. Under these circumstances, when there was not any choice of the therapy, a ray of hope came from GENOTECH. Situations like this has paved the way for breakthroughs in research and therefore more biotechnology companies are coming forward for reawakening of interest in xenotransplantation. The spotlight of ethical consideration has been altered from the moral accuracy of using animals for research/ therapy to treasured risk of xenozoonoses in recipients. This is not well accepted so far. The restriction has been posed by the United Kingdom on clinical trials and a national regulatory authority has been established to supervise and organize the progress of research, create guidelines, and make a decision on when trials can proceed. On the contrary, the United States has promoted the research in the direction of "proceed with caution," and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given approval for a large number of xenotransplant studies. The Public Health Service guidelines laid down strategies to reduce infection risk and these guidelines are still underway and are evolving to wind up with cautious approach (Daar, 1997). In the present case, the GENOTECH has emerged as a helping hand to this family. The patient cannot be allowed for euthanasia to spare the suffering of the patient or her family. The family must take the risk of transplanting GENOTECH'S product for transplanting kidney. There are chances that infections may spread from the recipient to contacts and later to the public. It is of much concern to the whole human population and not the patient alone. It is therefore imperative that the company must go through the rigorous checking of the product for any kind of microbial infection before the transplantation is made in order to protect the disaster. The motive in the present scenario is therapy, but practically performing is different, moreover laboratory conditions are different than in reality, inside the human body. So areas of concern are animal issues and risk of infection, but the success of this transplantation will renovate transplantation ethics to reality. There has to be some initiative for the success of technology. For these new technologies it has been hypothesized that they are going to eliminate the clinical and immunological obstacles which have made transplantation an excessively expensive therapeutic venture. Optimism inspires us but when it results in defeat it tempers our hopes and also the reality (Platt, 2001). Therefore we have to check the technology for its fool proof results. The alternative to the present situation is long-term dialysis. References: Darr, A. S. (1997). Ethics of Xenotransplantation: Animal Issues, Consent and Likely Transformation of Transplant Ethics World. J. Surg 21. 975-982. Evans, R. J. (2001). Coming to Terms with Reality: Why Xenotransplantation Is a Necessity. Chapter 2. Xenotransplantation. 29-55. Scenario # 2 The cultural and moral ethics are diminishing due to changing

Public Policy- Environmental Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Policy- Environmental Policy - Essay Example and more so, the influences of population growth, urbanization, industrialisation, new expanding technological advances, exploitation of resource and their impact. Critical value of restoring as well as enhancing environmental quality to the welfare and progress of man are well emphasized. The role of stakeholders- Federal Government, public and private organizations in using practicable measures and means that include technical and financial assistance to promote the welfare and maintain states under which nature and man can coexist in a productive way to fulfil the economic, and social needs of future and present generations .The policy was to directly educate the Americans that, safe, aesthetically- culturally pleasing, healthful, productive, safe, important historic, and natural aspects of our heritage, biodiversity, and free choice can only be attained through environmental preservation. And this could only be achieved when a state of equilibrium is attained between population and the available resource for use to allow high standards of living and enhance promote renewable resources and approach to maximise recycling of the non-renewable resources. This therefore calls for recognition that every person is entitled to enjoy a healthful environment and the responsibility he has to contribute towards preserving and the environment. The policy vividly states the responsibilities of each individual as trustee of the environment for succeeding generations and assure the society of productive ,culturally, safe, healthful, and aesthetically pleasing surroundings the legislation should further enhance positive use of the environment without degradation other unintended consequences. Furthermore it stresses that government should utilize interdisciplinary approach to ensure integrated use of social and natural sciences in planning and for indecision making to impact on the environment. In the present societies, economic and social activities are

The Vision of the Organization and Motivation Assignment - 1

The Vision of the Organization and Motivation - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that to get to an end result, there are basically two ways. The first way is to be pulled to the outcome by being inspired internally and the other way is to be pushed to the outcome either through external or internal motivation. It should be noted that there a massive difference between inspiration and motivation, very little are inspired. It is essential to consider about which of the above two makes for an improved, easier to attain outcome and which one is being used and why is it considered. The ways in which aims can be archived is what the vision tells. The most important step to success whether in personal or business growth is having a clear vision of the end result, it basically brings inspiration. Fears fade away, procrastination vanishes and confronts fall away. Vision should be of paramount importance, at least build a vision of short-term to utilize till the long-term vision turns out to be clearer. To define the visions work must be done in team s, if the end results are clearly stated then it is much easier to decide what steps to be taken. Vision is one of the most widely used terms in the companies. However, the companies do not understand it well because the leaders themselves are not able to understand the proper meaning of a vision. Moreover, the leaders also do not understand the real meaning and the importance of the word â€Å"vision†. However, there are also some strategic leaders who understand the importance of vision really well. This is because the vision helps the company and also guides the employees in moldings the company. Therefore, it is highly essential to clarify the meaning of the word â€Å"vision† to clearly communicate it to the employees. A vision should be based on reality and should be meaningful to an organization. For instance, if you are creating a vision for a PC software organization that has imprinted a small position in the marketplace creating instructional software and has successfully attained 2% share of the computer software marketplace, a vision to go beyond Microsoft and rule the computer software marketplace is not realistic.

Healthcare Policy And Quality Essay Example for Free

Healthcare Policy And Quality Essay The essay will examine the management of medicines policy on standards in medication errors by nurses in the hospital environment, the guidelines that nurses must follow when giving medication in order to avoid medication errors. A definition for medication error will be given. Further issues to be discussed include; why medication error happens, approaches aimed at minimising medication error and the importance of teamwork , a brief reflection and a conclusion based on the findings will be given. The use of medication process involves different health care professionals as a result , medication error can take place relating to a series of steps in the drug delivery process, and includes the process of prescribing, dispensing, transcribing and administration (Chua et al. , 2009 ; Zhan et al., 2006), thereby making room for error to take place. Subsequent to prescribing errors, the administration of medication errors is the most frequent type as they are more likely to reach the patients and the greater chance of causing patient harm (Chua et al.,2009). The legislation of medicines applies to prescribing, supply, storage and administration and it is important to have knowledge of and adhere to this legislation (Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008; Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) (2009). The medicine management policy on standards in reporting medication errors, near misses and adverse drug reactions was located on the Local Trusts website and was easy to access. The Local trust is an acute, non-profit, health service. From the policy all staff involved in the prescribing , administration, dispensing and checking of medicine has the responsibility to ensure the policy is implemented and adhered to. In the local trust policy it states any member of staff can report a medication safety incident, near miss or adverse outcome. The local Trust Policy was reviewed in January 2012. The trust will also monitor all medication related incidents and an annual audit will be carried out to assess the effectiveness of the policy. The audit will be undertaken on a random selection of 30 cases of reported incidents. This Local Trust implemented the guidelines for the administration of medicines by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008 which gives the information a prescription  chart must contain for safe and correct drug administration and gives clear principles for prescribing medicines. If the prescription is clear and accurate, errors are less likely to occur. The guidelines also states: In exercising your professional accountability in the best interests of your patients; as a registrant, you must know the therapeutic use of the medicine to be administered, its normal dosage,side effects, precautions and contraindications,be certain of the identity of the patient to whom the medicine is to be administered , be aware of the patients plan of care To appreciate medication mistakes and discuss policies for reducing and reporting medication errors, it is useful to understand the term ‘medication error’. The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention states: a medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of health professional, patient or consumer (cited in Chua et al., 2009 p. 215). Different standards and policies are formed for varied circumstances and situations as well as routine moments (Unver, 2012). One such standard is the Standard for Medicine Management which replaces the Guidelines for the Administration of Medicines 2004, even though many of its principles remain relevant today (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008. This standard points out the various ways of managing medicine for nurses as they are required to take responsibility for their actions and omissions for any errors they make when giving any medicine (Copping, 2005). Usually, medical mistakes do not harm patients (Department of Health (DoH) (2004). Although, the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) (2009) gave a written account that in England, less than 1% of the key instance of harm or death in the National Health Institute (NHS) were directly linked to medication error; 155 medical instances gave rise to severe harm and 42 deaths. Standards in the NHS are used to make sure proces ses and procedures are carried out in a uniform and consistent manner to help professionals and patients ( Tzeng et al., 2013). Also , the same process should be carried out in the same way  wherever the site or location and under the same circumstance. This uniformity removes errors from personal judgement and panic decisions during situations which could ultimately lead to the death of people under various circumstances ( Fore et al., 2012). The administration of medication is likely to be based on errors in nursing as under normal circumstances, nurses are involved in the administration process and they spend 40% of their time giving it (Wright, 2013; Unver et al., 2012). Hence some studies have reported high error rates, indicating that nurses are putting patients in danger, when such errors would cause a low or minor risk to the patient (Wright, 2013). It is of great value to establish the cause of errors so that solutions can be put in place to reduce medication error rates. Although there are medication policies, adherence to these policies are low (Kim and Bates, 2012). Prior to medication administration, the following checks should be done : ‘right medication, in the right dose, to the right person, by the right route, at the right time’ (Kim and Bates, 2012) . Despite the guideline established in the administration of medicines using the ‘five rights’, nurses may conduct in a way and give inaccurate assurance that the practice is safe ( Unver et al., 2012). Non-adherence to the five rights of medicine administration were observed by Kim and Bates (2012), the observations show that for : wrong dose (1.8%), wrong medicine (13%), wrong time (7.1%), wrong person (5.2%) and wrong route (1.8%). An observation of potential error in the administration of medicine was made during a recent clinical placement in an elderly ward of a local trust. The ward has 30 beds and medicines were supplied in bulk to the ward, though more specific medicines were provided as single items on receiving a prescription by the pharmacy department. In addition, medication orders were written by doctors directly onto the patients medication chart without transcribing.The medication was given by nurses by referring to the medication chart. In view of human error, it was noted that the registered nurses on duty worked over 12 hours a day and Tzeng et al., (2013) noted that taking everything into account nurses function is significantly greater when working a regular 8hour shift compared to over 12hours shift. Further circumstances that contributed to medical errors by nurses include;  tiredness which can affect concentration (Copping , 2005), being distracted or interrupted (Wright,2013; Fore 2013), loss of concentration and a belief about limited drug calculation and numeracy skills among nurses ( Ramjan 2011). In addition, Leape et al., (1995) reported other types of medication errors: short of knowledge of the drug, information about the patient, in breach of the rule, slip and memory lapses, transcription errors, faulty drug identity checking, not interacting with other services, not checking the dose, insufficient monitoring , drug stocking and delivery problems Unver et al., (2012) also noted that medication error can also be as a result of systematic factors like heavy workload ; for example, a study carried out by Karadeniz and Cakmakci , (2002) in Turkey reported nurses fatigue was the primary cause of medication errors. Another factor is insufficient training . It has been wel l-known that newly qualified nurses lack of skills in clinical settings affects the occurrence of medication errors. A patients circumstance, that is complex health conditions), doctor issue (multiple orders, illegible handwriting) and nurse aspect (personal neglect, newly qualified staff, not familiar with medication and patient) . The avoidance of medication errors is extremely imperative for patient safety (Unver, et al., 2012). In the early 2000s Pape et al., (2005) was the first to initiate the use of aviations sterile cockpit code which has gained awareness in the health care to cut down on distraction during clinical tasks. The process included the use of vests and signs. The words Do Not Disturb positioned in the medication vicinity were used as prompts to reduce distraction. Members of staff were also asked not to disrupt or distract the nurse doing the medication round of the ward. As a result , Papes (2003) study found 63% fewer distraction when using a firm checklist set of rules. Similarly, a study by Federwisch (2008) reported a 50% decrease in the number of staff interruptions, an increase of 50% in the standardisation of medication administration, 15% progress in the time vital to administer medications and 18% increase in on-time medication delivery when nurses wore yellow sashes during medicat ion administration. On the whole, to lessen medication errors, the collaboration among doctors,  pharmacists and nurses is necessary ( DoH, 2004). Doctors must know their shortcoming and recognize their interconnection with other health care professionals (Pedersen et al., 2007), in particular nurse prescribers who help to ease the work of junior doctors. Verification by another nurse is essential as double checking by other nurses in adherence to the ‘five rights’ of medicine administration can help reduce an error (DoH, 2004). Subsequently, pharmacists can lessen the chance of errors by being in attendance on the ward drug rounds and chipping in their drug knowledge (DoH, 2004). Moreover, everyone in the health care team can help reduce medical errors by keeping a reflective journal (Tzeng et al., 2013 ) as a practical self-help tool, though there is a not enough of empirical study to support its valuable effects (Fore, 2013). According to Fore (2013), health professionals can reflect by one or more of the subsequent methods: welcoming feedback from colleagues about strengths and weaknesses; checks on critical incidents to find out what went wrong , why it went wrong and how to avoid a recurrence of an error; use of a diary for self evaluation and recognize knowledge gaps. It is generally accepted that system factors presents itself with medication errors in health care, nurses are the health professionals that frequently encounter and report medications error ( Roughead and Semple 2008). On the contrary, a study by Unver et al ,(2012) points out, more than half of nurses do not give an account of some medication errors as they are frightened of their colleagues reactions. As a result , it is important to foster a culture that is less fixed on laying guilt to promote communication and error reporting. The need to reduce medication error is a continuing process of quality improvement (Unver et al.,2012). Ac cording to Sanders (2005) , to establish risk is the first act to undertake, as any other strategy to reduce risk may be inappropriate. This can be made by means of using tools such as audit ( Montesi and Lechi, 2009). The World Health Organisations (WHO) (2009) framework for the classification of problem, process and outcomes of patient safety events is a practical base for a framework to learn the circumstances surrounding medication error. In spite of information of under-reporting of medication errors, especially by physicians, (Franklin et al., 2007) incident reporting can produce an awareness into the errors that happen and make easy identification of contributing factors (Malpass et al., 1999a). Moreover, a  UK Government white paper, put forward standardisation of audit as part of professional health care (Montesi and Lechi, 2009). The National Institute for Heatlh and Clinical Excellence(NICE) (2002), defined clinical audit as : a quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care through systematic review of care against explicit criteria and the implementation of change ( cited in Montesi and Lechi, 2009, p. 3). Clinical audit is a learning tool , which encourages high- quality care and should be implemented regularly and it offers an organised framework for inspecting and judging the work of health care professionals ( Montesi and Lechi, 2009; NICE, 2002). Audit is also a way of measuring and monitoring practice across a well- set of agreed standards and finding mismatches in the written word and actual practice. Similarly, detecting medication errors can also be through a chart review, reporting of incident, monitoring of patients, direct observation and computer monitoring (Montesi and Lechi, 2009). The only technique used for identifying errors of administration of medications is by direct observation ( Montesi and Lechi, 2009). This is done under the observation of a trained nurse by noting the similarity or dissimilarity between what is done in the administration and the original physician orders. In addition to direct observation, reporting systems is another process obtained from pro cedures in high-reliability organisation. On the other hand, reports given to legal services can cause confusion and bring about a connotation of blame (( Montesi and Lechi, 2009). Incident of reporting was first used in the UK by the Royal College of Anaesthetists. According to Montesi and Lechi ( 2009), there are two safety-oriented levels of reports. First, incident reporting where it is required that a the details recorded are concise, legible and a true version of events are recorded and sent to the central organisation , which supplies regular statistical reports and raising concerns about quality improvement. Secondly, voluntary reporting . This process is anonymous, confidential and blame- free.The benefits of voluntary reporting include; the detection of active and hidden system failures, evidence of significant processes and the distribution of a culture of safety ( Stump, 2000). Other methods include; patient monitoring, by interviewing, satisfaction surveys and focus groups. Through this, patients can learn about medication errors. With reference the Local Trust Policy, patients now receive an individualised medicine patient  information leaflet (PIL) detailing their in-patient and discharge medicine by advising them about any possible side effects and dosage information, contact details should more information be required. During placement, it was essential that the five rights is followed during a medication round with the nurses. It became fully aware that the five Rs is the most thorough way to prevent medication error arising. This policy has helped me establish how and why using the correct procedure helps to minimise administration errors from happening. Not all but most of the nurses at the placement adhered to the guidelines that the policy set out. In conclusion, the essay demonstrated that medication administration errors are still a continual problem that is related to practice in nursing . Nurses are mainly involved in medication administration. They also have an exceptional role of identifying and stopping errors that occur in the various stages. Encouraging patient safety should have a number of approaches that involve more than direct care nursing staff. Another basic cause, is human- factor, therefore a professional education with individuals and system focuses on patient safety matter is essential. Lastly, health professionals accountable for the prescribing, dispensing and administration of medicines must work collectively as team members in the ward environment . The essay also demonstrated how the problem of medication administration error can be dealt with by the National Health Service.

Organizational Conflict Essay Example for Free

Organizational Conflict Essay Often when we come across the word conflict, we usually think of more than a simple disagreement. We think of individuals or groups in sharp disagreement over issues, ideas, or interests. This results in an emotional disturbance between the involved parties, with stress developing undesirable behaviors being exhibited. [1] The present diverse workforce characterized by organizational change, competition, and complex communications are drawing attention to interpersonal conflicts among workers. 2] Organizational change for example, alters the status quo and requires members of an organization to work together in new ways and under new rules. Competition compounds issues of power and escalates conflicts of personalities and behavior. The complexities of communication make it more difficult for culturally, economically and socially diverse workers to resolve the issues and problems they encounter on the job. While conflict is inevitable in groups and organizations due to the complexity and interdependence of organizational life, theorists have differed about whether it is harmful or beneficial to organizations. Early organizational theorists suggested that conflict is detrimental to Organizational functioning (Pondy, 1967; Brow, 1983) and focused much of their attention on the causes and resolution of conflict (Schimidt Kochan, 1972; Brett, 1984). More recently, researchers have theorized that conflict is beneficial under some circumstances (Tjosvold, 1991; Van de Vliert De Dreu, 1994). [3] Thus, this paper attempts to present the losses and benefits from conflicts in organizations. I. CONFLICT IN GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS A. Definition Generally, conflict is defined as a contest of opposing forces or power. 4] it is a perceived difference between a two or more parties that results in mutual opposition. [5] Looking at conflict in the context of groups, there is what we call an Intergroup Conflict, which can be defined as the behavior that occurs among organizational groups when participants identify with one group and perceive that other groups may block their group’s goal achievement or expectations. [6] Intergroup conflict with in organizations can occur in both horizontal vertical directions. A. 1 Horizontal Conflict. This type of conflict occurs among groups or departments at the same level in the hierarchy, such as between line staff. 7] This is commonly observed between Production Quality Control Departments, Sales Finance Departments, or RD Marketing Departments. A. 2 Vertical Conflict. This arises over issues of control, power, goals, and wages and benefits. [8] A typical source of vertical conflict is between head quarters executives and regional plants or franchises. Status and power differences among groups are often greater for vertical conflict. Part of the reason vertical conflict occurs is to equalize power differences; for example, unions try to give workers more power over wages or working conditions. [9] B. The Nature of Conflict Conflict as related to competition is illustrated by the following figure: The illustration shows how conflict and competition are related. Competition occurs when groups strive for the same goal, have little or no antagonism toward one another, and behave according to rules and procedures. In conflict, on the other hand, one group’s goals jeopardize the others; there is open antagonism among the groups; and few rules and procedures regulate behavior. When this happens, the goals become extremely important, the antagonism increases, rules and procedures are violated, and conflict occurs. 10] C. Causes of Conflict A number of factors contribute to conflict. Several of the most important causes are discussed below. C. 1 Task Interdependence. Task interdependence refers to the dependence of one unit on another for materials, resources, or information. [11] Two types of task interdependence are particularly prone to conflict. One is sequential interdependenc e, in which one individual or work unit is heavily dependent on another. For example, waiters generally are more reliant on cooks than the reverse because waiters must depend on cooks to furnish good meals in timely manner. Line and staff conflicts often arise because staff members frequently are dependent upon the line to implement their ideas. The second form of task interdependence is reciprocal interdependence, in which individuals or work units are mutually interdependent. For instance, purchasing agents want engineers to provide detailed generic specifications so that they can negotiate lower costs from suppliers. At the same time, engineers need to obtain materials of the proper quality on a timely basis, so they may find it more convenient to specify a brand name. 12] Generally, as interdependence increases, the potential for conflict increases. [13] Sequential reciprocal interdependence require employees to spend time coordinating and sharing information. Employees must communicate frequently, and differences in goals or attitudes will surface. Conflict is especially likely to occur when agreement is not reached about the coordination of services to each other. Greater interderdependence means departments often exert pressure for a fast response because departmental work has to wait on other departments. C. 2 Scarce Resources. Another major source of conflict involves competition between groups for what members perceive as limited resources. [14] Possibilities for conflict expand when there are limited resources, such as office space, equipment, training, human resources, operating funds, and pay allocations. In their desire to achieve goals, groups want to increase their resources. This becomes another cause for conflict in groups. C. 3 Goal Incompatibility. Goal incompatibility is probably the greatest cause of intergroup conflict in organizations. The overall goals of an organization are broken down into operative goals that guide each department. The accomplishment of operative goals by one department may block goal accomplishment by other departments and hence, cause conflict. [15] Out of necessity, organization members frequently pursue goals that are somewhat different from one another, setting the stage for potential conflicts. [16] For example, sales personnel may find it easier to battle the competition by promising very quick deliveries, while people in manufacturing may find that small production runs on short notice interfere with their cost cutting efforts. C. 4 Communication Failures. Breakdown in communication due to distortions or lack of communication often lead to conflicts. [17] Conflict in an organization is an indication of the most basic communication failure. Failure to talk with someone. Failure to notify someone of something before it becomes public. Failure to involve someone in a problem-solving process. [18] C. 5 Individual Differences. Differences in personality, experience, and values make frequent conflicts likely. [19] Functional specialization requires people with specific education, skills, attitudes, and time horizons. When an individual who have ability and aptitude in marketing joins the marketing department. Eventually, that individual will be influenced by departmental norms and values, attitudes, and standards of behavior, differ across departments, which is often a source of horizontal conflicts. Cultural differences can be particularly acute in the case of mergers or acquisitions. Employees in the acquired company may have completely different work styles and attitudes, and a â€Å"we against them† attitude can develop. [20] C. 6 Poorly Designed Reward System.

Evolution of Escalator and Elevator Advertising

Evolution of Escalator and Elevator Advertising In a noisy, media saturated and distracted consumer environment, the elevator and escalator advertisements ignites curiosity and fires demand for client brands through integrated alternative marketing technologies that authentically engage and truly influence consumers. It work in helping clients reach consumers, surprising and unconventional ways. The companies should take benefit of elevators by marketing their products and services. The elevator is always crowded with people, and these people may be one day will be a potential customers because of that advertisements. the elevator is transferring people every day. In some cases the transferring will continue 24/7 now in the 21st century the elevator advertisements is a successful tool for advertisement. In my opinion, its the most effective tool in the new century. Because in the recent days, most people espically the young people Dont like to read, watch the usuall advertisements and listen to radio advertisment. The elevator advertisements should be creative and attracting in the way that will take the people attention. In Saudi Arabia these kinds of advertisements are not popular. The elevator advertisements are not costly and actually it is a cost effective. In my opinion if use propably, it will make a reveloution in the advertisement world. A few numbers of researches has been conducted about this topic. The elevator advertisement is a powerful tool for attracting the people. Because they dont have any alternatives except looking to your advertisment. So there is no run away from getting the idea of your advertisment. Type of elevator advertisments: Outside door advertising Inside the elevator using brochoures or painting Outside (outdoor) media Inside (indoor) media Sounds (inside the elevator) On the elevator buttons (outside and inside) Creative and innovative advertisments (costly). Outside (door) We had put a media advertisments outside the elevator during the waiting time (period) for the elevator to come and transfer them. The survey shows that the majority of people are looking to the elevator advertisment and the media which we had put it there. The survey shows that the majority of people are looking to the elevator advertisment and the media which we had put it outside the elevator during the waiting time (period) for the elevator to come and transfer them. So their eyes are always looking to the elevator door. Therefore, why we cant use this powerful tool and in my opinion the most effective tool to market our products or services. (inside) The majority of people show that they get board in the period of transfering. So why cant we give them something interesting like a media with music inside the elevator. Or we make the elevator more interesting with colours and brochures. Also in a survey we put an avertisment for a famous product in the elevator for the sake of the research and we asked each one of the respondents wheather it got their attention or not. And 93% of them saw that advertisments. So there is no run away from seeing the advertisment. And when we put a small screen for the media, it shows that 98% of the sample responds to that. (Escalator advertising) The majority shows that the escalator advertising is very attractive and it attract the eyes. Types of escalator advertising: There are many creative types of the escalator advertising and the most attractive on are: Beside the escalator using a brochoures or any type of advertisments Between the esclators using painting or drowing On the escalator floor (steps) using a creative pictures on each one of the escalator steps Advertising using the media (TV) on the top of escalator in the way of going up or going down. Using the sound advertising between the way of transfering (it is not very effective) In the entrance and the exit of the essclator On the escalator handrails: (it enables advertisements, branding, and other decorative communication material to be easily applied to escalator handrails.) Also the escalator and the elevator are usually crowded and the riders are always changing, so your advertising will be for a different variety of people and different kinds of people with different ages and also with different classes. So you will market you products or services for all the types of the people using an affordable and powerful tool for getting the riders attentions. What Escalator Owners Gain: Increased revenue at marginal cost Utilization of previously unproductive structures Better communication with riders Enhanced location aesthetics and ambiance, leading to stronger customer relations and increased ridership Minimal involvement from escalator owner! What the Riders gain: Improved escalator appearance More interesting environments Source of â€Å"food for thought† Antimicrobial protection for handrails, giving riders a sense of comfort and limiting riders exposure to contagious disease What the Advertisers gain: Opportunity to capture public attention with new advertising platform Marketing avenue provides high-impression frequency Innovative ad placement to beat other marketing noise New mode of marketing to drive client â€Å"buzz† Long impression period as average rider is on escalator for 30 seconds Great medium for viral marketing (it enables advertisements, branding, and other decorative communication material to be easily applied to escalator handrails. Easily communicate with riders at shopping malls, transit systems and airports during average rides of 30 seconds.) Methodology: Sampling: 571 in the major cities of Saudi Arabia 197 In the western region (Jeddah, Makkah, Al Madinah and Al Taif) 123 in the middle region 106 in the eastern region 86 in the northern region 59 in the southern region The unit of analysis will be the people who are using the elevators and escalators regularly such as the people who are working in the shopping malls, airports, office building and hotels in the most crowded and busiest places. A questionair was used to collect the data from the respondents. The people who are going to take the left will be extracted by this Ideas and creativety. In the short time those advertisments will push them to read, see or listen to the advertising. Mostly the mirror in the elevator was catch the attention of the riders and they spent time for watching themselves.sometimes they will spent time watching the riders shows, looking to the floor screen in the elevator or seeing the people faces. It is the most effective for attracting the customers attention. Simply the riders are the stressed audience and they are surrounded by this media to entertain them. it is the key for a successful marketing. If used properly in the crowded elevators and escalator, it will be the most affordable and powerful tool for marketing you products or services. The most ideal locations for escalator and elevator advertisements (advertising): Transportation hubs, convention centers, offices buildings hosbitals, hotels, department stores, airports, sports arenas, shopping malls and more. train stations, shopping centres It is innovative and creative It is the best alternatives of other marketing strategies. Escalator Steps enables advertising, branding, and other decorative communication material to be easily applied to existing escalator steps. Easily communicate with customers in high density locations using this high impact medium. It is an innovative media solution. Why Advertising on Escalators? Benefits to Advertisers using Escalator Step Advertising Multi-Impact Impression Usage of Steps Escalator graphics will result in a high impact rate to pedestrians. Pedestrians will see as many as 50 steps as they ride escalators for over 30 seconds. Unrestricted Message Space Aap!Global can tailor installation of graphic to popular escalator step models providing advertisers with large, high impact advertising spaces. High Impact Influence point of purchase shoppers escalator step graphics do not compete with traditional media and capture audience attention before entering points of purchase. Targeted Escalator are usually located at points of purchase. Easy to Use Aap!Steps fit easily in existing properties with minimal owner involvement. Non-Traditional Aap!Steps invites non traditional firms to place adverts in the out-of-home segment It is enjoyable up close or from a distance Benefits to Properties Aap!Step is a unique, dynamic, scrolling advertising display which provides a source of incremental non-rental revenue while aesthetically enhancing and modernizing a property. Companies can now put their advertisements in the hands of millions of economically active customers during average 30 second escalator rides. Escalator Handrail Advertising provides advertisers with an extremely effective new media, property owners with an additional revenue stream or branding opportunity and escalator riders with an engaging handrail that improves safety and comfort. The intelligent use of the elevators and taking benefits of the empty spaces. Your advertisments will achieve your goals. Some of the ads are boring but these kinds of ads are different from others. It is not boring Property owners: Property owners have the opportunity to utilise Escalator or Elevator Media to generate new revenues from advertising sales, or as an effective way to increase internal branding or communications with escalator riders. As a new revenue stream: Escalated Advertising, via selling Escalator or Elevator Media to advertisers, offers property groups the opportunity to generate substantial advertising revenue with no risk. Advantages to Property owners In addition to making existing structures profitable, Escalator or the elevator Media, enhances the appearance, location aesthetics and also improves rider safety and comfort. For the companies which are always looking for highly effective and fresh media opportunities. Escalator and elevator Advertising provides a unique solution. the Creative looks on the elevator and escalator will really grabs peoples attention Escalator and elevator Advertising dominates the environment, providing cut through even in a cluttered shopping centre. Reasons Escalator Handrail Media is a first choice for advertisers. Escalator Handrail Media offers significant advantages over traditional outdoor advertising. Benefits include: 30 seconds exposure to a captive audience Frequently reach mass audiences at targeted locations 76% unprompted advertising recall 30 meters of advertising that surrounds the consumer Hands on advertising which is often unavoidable Close to the point of purchase Escalator and elevator advertising are perfect for: Increasing sales Increasing foot traffic Increasing brand exposure Launching a new brand Building brand image Reinforcing other media at prime locations Directing escalator traffic flow What ever an advertisers goals Escalator and elevator advertising will help to achieve them. Escalator and elevator advertising is the perfect compliment to TV, Print and Radio, and is a must in any out of home campaign. It is fun and easy way to communicate, it can be used for branding, advertising or decoration. Limitation: There was a lack of information on this topic due to the fact that not much research as conducted on the elevator and escalator advertising. Hence secondary type sources did not produce very precise information on this matter. Therefore, primary data acquisition methodologies like questionnaires and interviews had to be used in order to acquire the desired information in order to satisfy the research objectives. Although the ambient media sector is starting to grow up and move away from the stunts that used to dominate, there are still a number of agencies with an eye for a great gimmick. Describes a number of outdoor innovations and explains that as consumers become more used to seeing advertising while they are out and about, outdoor companies are increasingly looking for opportunities to speak to the public when they least expect it. Comments on new technology such as digital escalator panels and elevator advertising. these new developments are only really working for entertainment brands at the moment. that are easier, quicker and cheaper to update, can be shared between more brands, offer flexibility in the messages that can be displayed and are by their nature more eye-catching. Esclator advertising allows extremely high visibility advertising in prime throughput locations enabling you to target shoppers, commuters, families and business people. It is a brand new opportunity. Elevator: you can put a screen with a security camera to monitor what is going on in the elevator Now there is a new media opportunity, it is a dynamic new media that reaches the audience that always in demands. This media that teaches, moves and uniquely interact with its audience. It is an interactive, impactful and informative communication Saudi Arabia community likes to explore and find the new things, the majority of the people there are economically active. It is a rich country and these kinds of advertising will be an opportunity for the companies which are looking for increasing their sales and marketing their products or services. You can put the advertising in the high traffic locations.

Designing Sound Characteristics :: Motorcyles Papers

Designing Sound Characteristics Early on a cloudless July morning in America's Great Plains, a farmer, clutching his warm cup of coffee, walks toward one of his tractors as he begins his work day. Before he reaches his goal, he hears the crisp exhaust note of a motorcycle, and out of the corner of his eye he notices a single headlight cresting the hill of the U.S. Highway that runs adjacent to his field. Long before the motorcycle gets close enough for him to read the name on the gas tank, the farmer knows that he is sharing this early morning moment with a rider aboard a Harley-Davidson, simply because of what he is hearing. The Harley-Davidson Motor Company has re-emerged as the leader in the heavyweight motorcycle industry because of countless stories of concise product recognition similar to this one. While improving the quality of their product line, the Motor Company has remained faithful to the styling cues that it was built upon, and in doing so has created an identity by which the rest of the cruiser genre is judged. Just what are some of these styling cues? Many of them are visual, like "Springer" front suspensions, peanut-shaped fuel tanks, and finned V-twin engines. And some are audible, for as Jon Thompson explains, "An essential element of the H-D equation is the charismatic feel and sound of the Harley engine--a sound one Honda spokesman characterized as, no kidding, 'potato- potato-potato!' " (Thompson 44) While this may not sound like the most flattering of descriptions, it is one that Harley has embraced completely, and takes very seriously. It is a cornerstone of their marketing strategy, for even their product guide exclaims: Potato, Potato, Potato. . . A Harley-Davidson at Idle. Has the wind ever carried a more satisfying sound?...The sound is unmistakable. The signature of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle... you instinctively know: this is the way a motorcycle ought to sound... This did not happen by accident... when we find something more pleasing than anything else, we stick with it. Like the exhaust note of a Harley-Davidson 45Â ° V-twin, the sweetest sound ever carried on the wind. Clearly, Harley believes that their V-twin exhaust rumble is instantly recognizable and discernible to the trained ear, and believes that it is a vitally important component of their strong product identity. Because of this, their design engineers are asked to create products that are technologically competitive and yet wonderfully nostalgic -- essentially, they are asked to design with an eye toward the future and an eye toward the looks and sounds of motorcycles long past.

How do pre-1914 writers create a sense of suspense, mystery and fear? :: Free Essay Writer

How do pre-1914 writers create a sense of suspense, mystery and fear? Comparison of three short novels The Red Room is a very good ghost story that was written by H.G Wells. The story was intended to be scary when it was written and it uses tension, atmosphere and a scary plot. Without these key features it would not succeed as a successful ghost story. The reason for this is to entice the reader by giving them small clues so it does not give the plot away, but you have to read on because it does not give enough away only small clues, so it is still a mystery. The main thing that helps create the good atmosphere for a ghost story is that it is set in the old castle. It is occupied by the three old people. They’re described as custodians. The candles that are situated round the castle also helps create atmosphere because it shows that it is in the night and most ghost stories are set at night and it then in turn provides an eerie atmosphere. At the beginning of the story the old people help add to the atmosphere by saying the things that had apparently happened there in the Red Room in the past. These things include; 'This night of all nights,' this makes it sound like it could be a type of anniversary of when something or someone had died or an event happened and this night is the worst night to go to the Red Room. 'In which the young Duke had died.' This shows you that something apparently had happened at the castle, a person had died in the Red Room which adds more evidence to there being a ghost being in the room. This then starts to make 'The Red Room' a better ghost story. 'And are you really going?' This shows that the man cannot believe that he is going to The Red Room. Other things such as the journey also turn out to be a good way of building atmosphere in the story. The way to the room is deliberately a long journey because if it was just up the corridor then there would be no suspense about the room and what can happen on the way to the room. The darkness of the journey also helps to create a ghostly atmosphere because it makes the littlest things look like the scariest things as in the dark things are not portrayed as what they really are. 'The ornaments and conveniences of the room about them were ghostly.' The silence of the journey helps to create echoes which add also to

Child/ parent relationship in the Little Boy Crying? Essay

The poem, Little Boy Crying, written by Mervyn Morris is mainly about father and sons relationship. Poet shows the two main themes through this relationship; fathers love towards his child and his effort to lead his child into a right world in life. Mervyn Morris explores the child and parents relationship by using second person narration and language techniques such as allusion and emotive words. The important messages behind the poem are: parents love us and they will do anything to lead us to the right way. In the first stanza, the poet describes a boy who is very relaxed at first but he gets very tense with the fathers punishment. Your laughter metamorphosed into howls in the first stanza shows the change of the mood for the boy with his fathers scold. With three year old frustration, your bright eyes swimming tears, splashing your bare feet in the first stanza is described from the fathers view (using second person narrative) and he sees it as a wrong behavior and slaps the boy, causing the boy to tear. But the father does know the sons feelings when he is slapped; it is just the three year old boys emotion. You stand there angling for a moments hint of guilt or sorrow for the quick slap struck, shows that father is hiding his guilt of hitting his child and boy is looking for any evidence that, his father feels guilty for hitting him. This stanza tells the reader that father slapped the boy not with anger but with love to make his boy go to the right direction in life. Stanza two is from the boys point of view. Using allusion, the poet let the boy imagine revenge upon his father. In this stanza, the boy regards his father as a cruel giant who exercises the power over a little boy and revenge in the fairy tale. The ogre towers above you, that grim giant, empty of feeling, a colossal cruel In this stanza shows that boy really hates his father and describes him as a heartless, cruel giant ogre. You imagine chopping clean the tree hes scrambling down or plotting deeper pits to trap him in: the boy imagines himself as Jack in the fairy tale, Jack and the beanstalk, cutting down the beanstalk before the giant ogre, metaphor of his strict father, comes down. In the last stanza, the poet again emphasizes the fathers love toward his son in spite of the sons wrong doing. You cannot understand, not yet, shows that the father loves him very much and he understands what the boy feels. It also shows that father knows his son isnt old enough to understand his fathers intention of the punishment. This fierce man longs to lift you, curb your sadness with piggy back or bull fight, anything/ hidden behind that mask tells us that father may look strict to the boy but he also has a very soft side. However, it seems that disciplining his son takes precedence over showing his love to him in the line, But dare not ruin the lesson you should learn. Again the poet emphasizes that father scolded him to lead him to the right direction. Lastly, the poet adds the last line to highlight the lesson hed like to teach his son; You must not make a plaything of the rain. It shows why he goes hard on his son. As most parents do, he wants his son to grow up as a decent person and to give his son the lesson; You shouldnt play with the rain, that is, tear because the tear cannot always be the answer. In conclusion, Mervyn Morris explores child and parents relationship using second person narration and imagery. The poem shows the fathers endless love towards his child and his efforts to lead him to the right direction in life. The poem leaves another important message through the relationship between the father and the son; we should always appreciate our parents, who are always there for us when we need help, not only with giving love to us but also with disciplining us. Source: Songs of our selves-IGCSE poetry anthology

Do I have the right to end my own life? Essay

Looking back, the above-quoted article was only a prophecy in 1979 but around five years later, the prediction became a reality in Oregon. As of 2004, euthanasia was legal in Oregon. â€Å"Currently in the United States the only state where physician-assisted dying, in the form of assisted-suicide, is legal is in Oregon† (Zanskas, and Coduti, cited Quill 2004) and three more states followed after. Despite the fact the euthanasia is legal in a few United States (US) states and in some European countries, it is not a settled issue. â€Å"Euthanasia is legal in the Netherlands† (Welie), and Belgium while suicide is legal in Switzerland. (â€Å"Miracle Survival of the† 9) In fact, â€Å"In 2003, 1,626 cases of euthanasia were reported in Holland. Usually, a sedative is given to induce a coma, followed by a muscle relaxant to stop the breathing. † (â€Å"Miracle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) Debates and many deliberations, programs and critics in favor of and against euthanasia and/or assisted suicide, are ongoing public spectacle. What does each side say? Who sounds more reasonable? Which side sounds more practical? Euthanasia, if applied rightfully and for the right reasons and timing can be advantageous but once abused or a mistake is committed, it becomes futile outright. Thus, it may be perceived from a lot of angles and perspectives and has various implications vis-a-vis each scenario. There would be thousands of points to present what the proponents of euthanasia want to emphasize to support their cause and the same is true for the opposing side, those who are against the practice. Even the perspective in looking at these points are so many, such as ethical, psychological, medical, legal, religious, medical ethics and the likes. This paper is dwelling on a single strong reason for each side. â€Å"I have terminal cancer. To have a terminal disease drag on, to endure the pain is absolute hell. At the end, I want the choice to accept treatment, to refuse treatment, to die on my own terms in a dignified manner. † (Hillyard, and Dombrink 1) Above, in the preceding paragraph, was the pro-reform television advertisement from the 1991 Washington Initiative 119 campaign. The statement obviously denotes â€Å"freedom† of the person involved. â€Å"Those who plead for the legalization of euthanasia think that it is cruel to allow a human being to linger for months in the last stage of aging, weakness and decay, and to refuse him his demand for merciful release. † (Hillyard, and Dombrink 20 cited Williams 1969:134) Indeed, if one has to live and yet only live to suffer, make his or her loved ones suffer, what is the point of living at all? On the other hand, euthanasia is very susciptible to abuse. Some patients may opt for euthanasia or assisted suicide only to save their family from financial distress. â€Å"In Oregon, 83% of doctors stated that financial pressures were a factor in a patient’s request to die. (Zanskas, and Coduti cited Bilchik, 1996) Some fear that a right to die may soon become a duty to die, in order to eliminate families from financial ruin. Thus, opting to terminate one’s own life in this manner is nothing else but a plain suicide. From a religious perspective, â€Å"Pope John Paul II sought to emphasize that life is sacred and to counteract these vicious trends in the encyclical The Gospel of Life, and carried this message throughout the world on his many journeys. † (Hamel and Walter 243) Which side has a stronger reason? In fact both sides have their own good reason but since no one can make everything perfect, it is more likely that euthanasia will be abused. In this regard, it is safe not to practice it. However, given that there is a strict set of rules in controlling the process, euthanasia would be a great help for suffering patients. Works Cited Baird, Robert M. , and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, eds. The Moral Issues The Moral Issues. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1989. Hamel, Ronald P. , and James J. Walter, eds. Artificial Nutrition and Hydration and the Permanently Unconscious Patient: The Catholic Debate. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2007. Hillyard, Daniel, and John Dombrink. Dying Right: The Death with Dignity Movement. London: Routledge, 2001. â€Å"Miracle Survival of the Woman Doctors Were Going to Let Die; SENIOR CONSULTANT ADVISED 84-YEAR-OLD’S DRIP SHOULD BE REMOVED. † The Evening Standard (London, England) 14 Oct. 2005: 9. Welie, Jos V. M. â€Å"Why Physicians? Reflections on the Netherlands’ New Euthanasia Law. † The Hastings Center Report 32. 1 (2002): 42+. Zanskas, Steve, and Wendy Coduti. â€Å"Eugenics, Euthanasia, and Physician Assisted Suicide: An Overview for Rehabilitation Professionals. † The Journal of Rehabilitation 72. 1 (2006): 27+.

Non Commissioned Officers in the Army

With the attack on Pearl Harbour in December 1941, the United States found itself in another major war. Mobilization greatly increased the numbers of Army non-commissioned officers. Ironically, mobilization, combined with other factors, created a staggering growth in the percentage of non-commissioned officers to total forces. The proportion of non-commissioned officers in the Army increased from 20 percent of the enlisted ranks in 1941, to nearly 50 percent in 1945, resulting in reduced prestige for many non-commissioned officer ranks. Coupled with this growth in numbers, the eight-man infantry squad increased to twelve, with the sergeant then staff sergeant, replacing the corporal as its leader. The rank of corporal came to mean very little, even though he was in theory and by tradition a combat leader. Basic training in World War II focused on hands-on experience instead of the classroom. NCOs conducted all training for soldiers. After basic training, a soldier went to his unit where his individual training continued. The major problem was that the rapid expansion of the Army had led to a proportionate decrease in experienced men in the non-commissioned officer ranks. Making this condition worse was the practice of quickly advancing in rank soldiers who showed potential while combat losses reduced the number of experienced NCOs. Fighting in the Pacific and Europe required large numbers of men. Millions of men enlisted and America drafted millions more. Still the Army suffered from manpower shortages. In 1942 the Army formally added women to its ranks. By 1945 over 90,000 women had enlisted in the Army. Women served in administrative, technical, motor vehicle, food, supply, and communications, mechanical and electrical Positions during the war. http://www.armystudyguide.com/content/army_board_study_guide_topics/nco_history/history-of-the-nco-from-f.shtml World war II made more demands on non commissioned officers corp. and had a greater impact upon the NCOs role and status than any previous conflict in American history. By the end of the war, there were 23,328 infantry squads in 288 active infantry regiments. More than seventy separate battalions, including armoured infantry and rangers, raised the total number of such squads to over 25,000, all needing non-commissioned leaders. Drafted, trained, and promoted during the hectic months of 1942 and 1943, these citizen soldiers carried our their duties as non commissioned officers superbly, in countless engagements on every front during WWII, but especially those where small unit leadership was at a premium, such as jungle warfare of new guinea in the pacific and the Hurtgeen forest battle in Europe. There were many Heroes of WWII and you could choose any one of them but here we have the first secret hero America had in World War II. WASHINGTON (Army News Service, March 29, 2005) — Fifty years ago an Army Reserve non-commissioned officer performed an act of heroism that led to him becoming America's first secret hero. Manning a hilltop position near Taejon-ni, Korea, Cpl. Hiroshi Miyamura, formerly of the Enlisted Reserve Corps, was a long way from his home in Gallup, N.M. on the night of April 24, 1951. A major Chinese Communist offensive had been launched against the United Nations line. Miyamura, a machine gun squad leader in Company H, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Division, was 25/5/07 Ordered by his platoon sergeant to take 15 men — machine gunners, riflemen and ammo carriers — to a hill south of the Imjin River and hold the position against the Advancing Chinese Communists as long as possible. He did exactly that throughout the night, Miyamura directed the heavy and light machine guns of his squad as they held off repeated attacks by the Chinese. The combat was savage. Miyamura kept yelling at his gunners to use short bursts. He joined in with automatic fire from his carbine and threw grenades at the enemy, whose attacks were accompanied by bugles, whistles, flares, and supporting mortar bursts. At one critical point, he charged the enemy with his bayoneted carbine and killed ten of them in close-in-combat, breaking up the attack. Finally, it was time for those Americans still alive to fall back. Miyamura slid into the heavy machine gun position and told the unwounded members of the crew and two riflemen to help the injured soldiers away; he would cover them. They moved out and Miyamura was alone, waiting. Then the bugles and whistles sounded again. The Chinese were coming up the hill again. Miyamura fired his machine gun until it ran out of ammunition. He then threw grenades towards the advancing Chinese. With his final grenade, he destroyed the machine gun and took off for a nearby trench, where he literally ran into a Chinese soldier. Despite the surprise encounter, he shot the Chinese and wounded him. The Chinese got off a grenade, which Miyamura kicked away. It exploded, killing its thrower and wounding Miyamura in the leg. As enemy soldiers poured up the hill, Miyamura tried to get away but stumbled into American barbed wire in the dark, causing him further injury. Freeing himself, Miyamura dropped into a hole playing dead while the Chinese swarmed over the area. One Chinese soldier was not fooled and he pointed a pistol at the young corporal, telling him to get up. Four days later, a task force from Chinese around Miyamura's machine gun position. There was no Trace the 3rd Division recaptured the hill. There were more than 50 dead of Miyamura among the dead G.I.s of his section. The man who so fiercely defended that hill joined the Army during World War II and became part of one of the most famous units in American military history, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This unit, composed entirely of Americans of Japanese Ancestry, except for some white officers, was — for its size and length of service — the most decorated unit in the Army. Along with the attached 100th Infantry Battalion, its members earned more than 18,000 individual decorations, to include one wartime Medal of Honour, 52 Distinguished Service Crosses, 588 Silver Stars, 5,200 Bronze Stars and more than 9,480 Purple Hearts. We cannot of course forget Ira Hayes the hero, On February 19, 1945, Hayes took part in the landing on Iwo Jima. He then participated in the battle for the island and was among the group of Marines that took Mount Suribachi four days later, on February 23, 1945. The raising of the second American flag on Suribachi by five Marines, Ira Hayes, Rene Gagnon, Harlon Block, Franklin Sousley, and Mike Strank, and a Navy Corpsman, John Bradley, was immortalized by photographer Joe Rosenthal and became an icon of the war. Overnight, Hayes (on the far left of the photograph) became a national hero, along with the two other survivors of the famous photograph, Rene Gagnon and John Bradley. Hayes's story drew particular attention because he was Native American. Hayes was promoted to the rank of corporal before being discharged from the Marine Corps. His decorations and medals include the following: Commendation medal with â€Å"V† combat device, Presidential Unit Citation with one star (for Iwo Jima), American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four stars (for Vella Lavella, Bougainville, Consolidation of the Northern Solomons, and Iwo Jima) and the World War II Victory Medal This then is the Heroes, now we will have a look at the weapons. The total allied forces in the Second World War were, Tanks 210,950 added to this vast number of fighting machines we had the help of Merchant Shipping, which totalled 44,431,300, and of course the Warships of which there was a grand total of 10,853,200 in the allied forces. Of course you also need to mention the warplanes that numbered 582,500. But the biggest weapon that we used and is still not recognised as such is the terrific amount of manpower that was needed, 109,705,100 men fought in the war and they above the weapons need to be mentioned, yes the weapons helped but it is the sheer blood and guts of the men and women that fought so bravely that got us all through. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/weapons_and_manpower.htm Part of the creed of NCOs is as follows and tells us what his duties are. Competence is my watchword; my two basic responsibilities will always be uppermost in my mind. Accomplishment of my mission, and the welfare of my soldiers. I will strive to remain tactically and technically proficient, all soldiers are entitled to outstanding leadership and I will provide that leadership, I know my soldiers and I will always place their needs above my own. I will communicate consistently with my soldiers and never leave them uninformed. I will be fair and impartial when recommending both reward and punishment. Officers of my unit will have ample time to fulfil their duties. They will not have to accomplish mine. I will earn their respect and confidence as well as that of my soldiers. I will be loyal to those I serve, seniors, peers, and subordinates alike. I will exercise initiative, by taking appropriate action in the absence of orders. I will not compromise my integrity. Nor my moral courage, I will not forget nor will I allow my comrades to forget that we are professionals. Non-commissioned officers, and leaders. http://ncohistory.com/files/Origins.pdf Throughout history, training noncommissioned officers of the United States Army had been accomplished using on-the-job training (OJT) in the unit, and many believed that is where it should stay. Training noncommissioned officers was conducted by officers in the regiment and was the commanding officer’s responsibility. It was accepted that unit training was the best means of developing noncommissioned officers and potential noncommissioned officers. In most early writings the NCO was regarded with the Enlisted man and as such received little interest. They should teach the soldiers of their squad how to dress with a soldier like air, how to clean their arms, accoutrements, etc and how to mount and dismount their Firelocks. {Instructions for the Sergeant and corporal Von Steubens 1779 Blue Book} Citation Page http://ncohistory.com/files/Origins.pdf http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/weapons_and_manpower.htm http://www.armystudyguide.com/content/army_board_study_guide_topics/nco_history/history-of-the-nco-from-f.shtml   ;

Business Communication Essay

Introduction This report is based on how nonverbal communication such as body language can be used within the hospitality environment when language becomes a barrier in the form of contact between the service provider and the guests. This highlights how a staff, who works within the hospitality industry who are usually seen on a daily bases dealing with certain number of guests who is unable to speak the local language. These staffs must not only be able to notice the different body language that the guests are sending but to understand what each different body language means in order to provide the guests with the best service possible. This could involve the basic forms of interaction such as eye contact, hand gestures and the physical space between the service staff and the guests (Sana Rynolds & Deborah Valentine 2004, p. 77 – 90). With studies have stating that a majority of communication done is non-verbal and the rest is verbal (Linda Lee-Davis 2007 p. 127), this could heavily affect the communication between the first contact between the guest and staff if the staff is unable to use body language to try and understand what was it meant for. As a tourist travelling to a new destination With more and more tourist having the motivation of traveling to a different country for short break or long overdue holiday, the situation that they might face there is they might not be able to speak the local language and finding a local person that might speak the same language as them might be hard provide that these guests are in a group which have a tour leader together with them. (J Christopher Holloway 2009 p. 62 – 66) Free independent travellers (F.I.T) who on the other hand usually travel alone or without guides, usually have to rely on hand signs and body language in order to get the message across to the local service provider’s staff for examples at the hotel and restaurants and hoping that they would be able to understand what the traveller is saying or tying to say. Should a guest or traveller who know the certain information about body language and is being served by a front line staff, the guest would be able to tell if the staff is providing the guest with the quality of service and value that is expected of the organisation or the staff does not care about the service that he or she is providing. As a staff of a hospitality service provider For staffs who are working in the hospitality industry especially as a front line staff in places such as boutique shops, hotels or restaurants which interacting with guests would be a daily part of the job. These staff would need to have a better understanding of the different types of body languages and what each of these different body languages represent so that the staff would be able to know how the guest or customer is feeling or reacting if the opposite party does not speak the language the staff speaks. As a front line staff in such an industry, being trained to recognise certain body languages that the guests are displaying like nervousness or doubt can help those guests in their problems and make their experience an enjoyable one. While dealing with guests, different forms of body languages like eye contact lets the guests know that the staff is trying to help him or her in their problems and not just for the sake that it is part of their job; this reassures the guest that the staff is trying his or her best to solve their problems, the facial expression can also be used to show the guest that the staff might not understand like nodding of the head for a yes or a no or a simple smile to indicate a simple kind of friendliness toward the guests and the staff is there to help. The staff should also know some information about different cultures so as to avoid offending the guest that they are serving or help as to some cultures it might seem appropriate but to another it might be taken as an offence towards them. (Linda LeeDavis 2007 p. 127) Examples of how body language can be used in such an environment As one example, a tourist visits a place of attraction and is lost among the attraction at the same time, tourist does not speak the local language; in such cases, the tourist would display signs of nervousness and doubt as the tourist is unsure who to ask for help. As the tourist is displaying such signs it becomes a giveaway that the tourist is in need of help, this signs can become visible to a staff working at the attraction and the staff could offer assistance to the tourist. Another example is about front line staffs that work in hotel. They are mainly working in the front of the house, this staffs are expected to portray certain body language clusters like openness, enthusiasm and confidence as these staff will look more approachable for the guest to ask for help, as such presentation would help break down the fear of the guest from approaching the staff to ask for help even if the guest does not speak the language. Such portray of positive body language at the front of the house would also projects a positive image to the guest arriving about the hotel. Conclusion Body language is an important tool that can be used in the hospitality industry as working in this industry, a staff would not only just be meeting guests but at the same time providing a service them. With body language, it can help the staff to take notice of guests that are in need of assistance. Body language can also be used as an expression between two parties that do not speak the same language but with body language, the two parties could understand what each other are saying. Body language can also be used providing the first impression in places like restaurants and hotels as it give a positive image of both the hotel and brand. With the two examples that is show above, its gives a clearer ideas on the different ways how body language can be used to either help a guest/ tourist and to project a positive image.

A Study On Corporal Punishment Sociology Essay

A Study On Corporal Punishment Sociology Essay Do parents think corporal punishment is an effective form of discipline? Corporal punishment plays an important role in today’s society. It affects the parents’ attitudes physically and physiologically. Academic studies have established that under some circumstances, corporal punishment of children can increase short term compliance with parental commands (Smith, Ray, Stefurak, however, subsequent investigators brought forth a counter argument to some of the different views that were held. These revisionist scholars developed different hypotheses from finding new discoveries as well, such as, if corporal punishment caused parents to become abusive and to what extent parents employed corporal punishment. They used questionnaires and surveys for parents from different demographic regions such as the Appalachian, New England, Midwest, and the Deep South to use as sample population test groups. The population group was sub-categorized by gender, race, and social status. T he researchers’ findings gave the participants the chance to understand if corporal punishment is the best solution for changing a child’s behavior and if they are using corporal punishment for the wrong purposes. One group of researchers discovered that the parental characteristics showed that older parents are less likely to use corporal punishment and that mothers spank more often than fathers (Socolar et al. 2006). Another group of scholars found that a small portion of Appalachian mothers tend to agree with them. From their questionnaire, mothers reported using corporal punishment more frequently than using reasoning and rewards (Fish, Amerikaner, & Conrae, 2006). Other reports suggested mothers were more likely to use corporal punishment if the degree of misbehavior evolved into a power struggle. Physical punishment was indicated as the last resort for gaining control in a disciplinary situation (Smith et al. 2007).